饱和膨润土及其与砂混合物的压缩变形特性

对用不同制样方法得到的饱和膨润土及其与砂混合物进行了压缩试验。试验结果表明,饱和膨润土的压缩曲线呈双线性,不同于普通黏土的压缩曲线。压缩试验中量测了侧向应力,由此得到的饱和膨润土的静止侧向压力系数值较一般黏土的数值要大。对膨润土与砂混合物的击实样进行了由非饱和到饱和状态的浸水试验,并得出试验过程中侧向应力的变化规律。由于浸水饱和的试样和抽真空饱和的试样在较高压力时压缩曲线趋于一致,可采用快速抽真空饱和的方法进行试验研究,以缩短非饱和混合物击实样浸水饱和所需时间。引入骨架孔隙比的概念,用来判断膨润土与砂混合物中砂骨架是否形成,得出影响混合物压缩特性的决定因素。     

桩基动力检测技术的现状及存在的问题

文章通过对桩基动力检测方法应用现状的简要回顾，分析了桩基高应变和低应变动测的特点和局限性。在此基础上，提出了在桩基检测和测试结果分析中注意的问题。     

Modifications of resonant column and torsional shear device for the large strain

Conventional RC/TS (resonant column and torsional shear) devices use a specimen with an aspect ratio (height-to-diameter) of 2:1 and this generates a maximum shear strain in the sample of about 1.5% at the maximum rotation of the driving system. The objective of this study is to modify the RC/TS device to generate higher strain amplitude. The modifications include a new base pedestal to overcome the limitations in the travel of the drive system and modification of the coil wiring to increase torque. The effects of the new coil wire on torque in the electromagnetic drive system were evaluated and the application of the modified device was illustrated using sand soil.     

Layer parallel shortening in salt-detached folds: constraint on cross-section restoration

Cleavage-fissility perpendicular to bedding is a common feature in the external part of fold-and-thrust belts. Three techniques were used to determine the internal distortion in the frontal Southern Pyrenees: the analysis of strain markers such as burrows and rain drops, the measurement of fissility, and the measurement of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). The comparison of the three techniques showed a good fit although they differ in sensitivity to penetrative strain variations in the range of deformation values explored in the study case. On the regional scale, the values of layer parallel shortening (LPS) derived from the markers analysis are very constant and account for 16–23% of shortening. These values are two to three times larger than the shortening values calculated from the restoration of the macroscopic scale structures and indicate a good decoupling above the Cardona salt Formation. This study permitted an accurate restoration of the low-amplitude el Guix detached anticline.     

基于广义位势理论的弹塑性模型的修正方法

广义位势理论为岩土材料的本构关系研究指出了更开阔的数学背景。基于广义位势理论可以构造出基于应力空间的模型,也可构造出基于应变空间的模型,利用两者之间的对称关系,把常规基于应力空间的模型直接转换到应变空间中,对本构模型自身无需做任何改动。基于广义位势理论也可以对已有的本构模型进行修正,比如,可基于广义位势理论对剑桥模型进行修正,这种修正可使模型利用三轴试验的部分成果,比单纯使用压缩试验的成果要好一些。另外,也初步探讨了模型的三维化问题。     

Investigating the effect of soil models on deformations caused by braced excavations through an inverse-analysis technique

In this study, a series of inverse-analysis numerical experiments was performed to investigate the effect of soil models on the deformations caused by excavation by using the finite element method. The nonlinear optimization technique that was incorporated into the finite element code was used for the inverse-analysis numerical experiments. Three soil models (the hyperbolic model, pseudo-plasticity model, and modified pseudo-plasticity model) were employed in the intended numerical experiments on a well-documented excavation case history. The results indicate that wall deflection due to excavation can be accurately back-figured by each of the three soil models, while the ground surface settlement can be reasonably optimized only by the pseudo-plasticity model and the modified pseudo-plasticity model. Importantly, the modified pseudo-plasticity model can yield more reasonable simulations when the wall deflection and the ground surface settlement are simultaneously back-figured. The results show that selection of an adequate soil model that is capable of adequately describing the stress–strain-strength characteristics of the soils is essentially crucial when predicting the excavation-induced ground response.     

津巴布韦金刚石中石墨包裹体及金刚石异常双折射特征分析

津巴布韦马朗(Marange)金刚石矿以产出混合习性(八面体与近立方体)金刚石为特征,其石墨包裹体仅存在于近立方体区.石墨包裹体的形态、分布及金刚石的异常双折射与应变特征,能反映其从开始结晶到被搬运至地表过程中经历的地质作用.因此,对津巴布韦混合习性金刚石及石墨包裹体的研究不仅能提供与其他产地金刚石有对比意义的数据,且...     

Laboratory and case studies of thermal cycling and stored strain on the stability of selected marbles

Studies of marble panels from the exterior of two buildings document the processes leading to bowing of the material. Bowing of panels is most extensive in those areas that are exposed to direct or reflected thermal energy. The thermal anisotropic behavior of calcite results in grain-boundary separation, grain sliding and microfracturing. The resulting loss of strength is one factor leading to bowing. The development of bows further reduces the panel strength as the outer portions elongate by inelastic deformation mechanisms. Laboratory experiments cycling marble samples for over 200 cycles at three temperatures up to 107°C above room conditions show similar strength losses as the natural situation. The second factor contributing to the bowing process is the release of residual elastic strain. The strain is in part stored in the marble from its geologic history, but may also be accumulated during thermal cycling due to the properties of calcite. Marble panels have been found to bow when stored outside, but not attached to any framework, indicating that the release of residual strain is a critical factor in producing the bows.     

Bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soils

It is difficult to determine the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, although this is most important. The bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is related to the drying and wetting environment. Swelling pressure occurs when the soil volume change is constrained as an expansive soil is inundated. The expansive lateral pressure, induced by the swelling pressure is similar to the passive earth pressure. By considering the effect of the expansive lateral pressure in Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula, the bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is derived. Because it is very difficult to measure suction in situ, the bearing capacity is expressed using the expansive lateral pressure offers a feasible approach to calculate the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, when suction is not measured. Plate load tests to measure the bearing capacity in situ were performed for the foundation in natural soil and saturated soil immersed by water. The verification of the bearing capacity formulae presented in this paper is conducted by comparing the predicted results with the results of the plate load tests on unsaturated expansive soils in Handan and Bingxia, China.     

Numerical analysis and centrifuge modeling of shallow foundations

The influence of non-coaxial constitutive model on predictions of dense sand behavior is investigated in this paper. The non-coaxial model with strain softening plasticity is applied into finite-element program ABAQUS, which is first used to predict the stress-strain behavior and the non-coaxial characteristic between the orientations of the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate in simple shear tests. The model is also used to predict load settlement responses and bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations. A series of centrifuge tests for shallow foundations on saturated dense sand are performed under drained conditions and the test results are compared with the corresponding numerical results. Various footing dimensions, depths of embedment, and footing shapes are considered in these tests. In view of the load settlement relationships, the stiffness of the load-displacement curves is significantly affected by the non-coaxial model compared with those predicted by the coaxial model, and a lower value of non-coaxial modulus gives a softer response. Considering the soil behavior at failure, the coaxial model predictions of bearing capacity factors are more advanced than those of centrifuge test results and the non-coaxial model results;besides, the non-coaxial model gives better predictions. The non-coaxial model predictions are closer to those of the centrifuge results when a proper non-coaxial plastic modulus is chosen.