New Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Effects of Smoking: Reducing the Level of N‐nitrosamines in Mainstream Smoke by NaA Zeolite and In vitro and In vivo Investigations

A new effort to control the pollution caused by smoking by use of zeolite sieving the N‐nitrosamines in smoke is depicted and assessed in this paper, which is a first preliminary approach to demonstrate the performance characteristics of zeolite for the reduction of the concentration of N‐nitrosamines in the cigarette smoke. Smoking causes global pollution and is difficult to control because smoke is a complex system containing thousands of components. A new strategy is presented here for the reduction of the harmful effects of smoking through dispersion of zeolite into the tobacco rod of cigarettes to eliminate the N‐nitrosamines once they form in the smoke, and both in vitro and in vivo tests were employed to check the efficiency of this strategy. The impact of zeolite on the combustion of tobacco and the total toxicity of smoke are evaluated for the first time. Lower mutagenic activity and higher CHO cell livability were found for the test cigarette containing zeolite in comparison with the control, and no significant damage was detected in 30‐day animal experiments when exposed to the cigarette smoke. This confirms the feasibility of the new strategy and promotes the potential application of zeolite for protecting public health.     

二龙山水库水环境保护研究

文章在对二龙山水库水源地环境现状进行系统分析的基础上,划分水源地保护区,确定水质保护目标;并以此为依据,对水源地的水环境容量及主要污染物削减量进行了分析和研究,提出了二龙山水库水源地主要污染物总量控制目标及保护对策。     

广西岩溶石山区生态重建中土壤资源开发利用与保护对策

生态环境恶化、人民生活贫困是岩溶石山地区的普遍问题,也是西部大开发战略着重要解决的问题。广西是我国岩溶石山分布最广的省区之一,重建可持续发展的石山生态,是我区面临的紧迫而艰巨的任务,如何合理开发、利用和保护在独特岩溶环境条件下形成的宝贵的土壤资源,将是生态重建中的核心。      

工程活动下的冻土环境研究

冻土与人类活动及环境息息相关，人类工程活动能诱发冻土环境、生态环境变化和冻融灾害及工程稳定性变化，因此，人类工程活动下的冻土环境变化及冻融灾害问题已日益引起国内外冻土研究的重视。人类工程活动加快了冻融过程变化，产生了极大的负面影响。文章主要从冻土稳定性、地面敏感性评价；冻土环境与工程建筑物的稳定性及相互关系；冻土环境保护和土地合理利用；冻土区生态环境研究等四个方面评述了近年来人类工程活动对冻土环境的影响研究。     

封隔器式膨胀管护壁技术研发与应用

基岩复杂地层因其地层稳定性差,易出现塌孔、掉块、缩径和漏失等问题,严重影响着水井钻探工程质量和钻探效率。膨胀管技术是解决复杂地层护壁技术难题的有效措施,但常规的膨胀管技术成本高、工艺复杂,不适用于水井钻探成井工作,基于此开展了封隔器式膨胀管技术研究工作。该技术使用封隔器作为膨胀机构,使薄壁金属管在目标层段胀开并紧贴井壁,达到护壁、堵漏和套管补贴的目的。本文介绍了膨胀管系统研发与施工工艺,并实施了膨胀管护壁与套管补贴修复现场试验,实现了膨胀管技术在水井钻探成井领域中的首次应用。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

The application of spatial data processing to land use conflict resolution in the lal lal water catchment of the Ballarat growth corridor: a case study from chapter one of the Buninyong planning scheme

Land use conflict within the Lal Lal Water Catchment is between landowners, the Shire, the Water Board and those directing regional pressures for development. It is exacerbated by inconsistency in building permit appraisal outcomes. The deliberations involved would clearly have benefited from access to spatial data sets through use of a Geographical Information System (GIS) during applications appraisal, in that inconsistencies are most obvious when mapped in relation to the criteria applied. GIS methodologies would ensure that information of a high standard was produced. Three strategic points are identified for the implementation of GIS: at the planning scheme formulation stage; the permit application stage; and the formal conflict resolution stage. Reference to GIS at the first two stages presupposes the existence of a local government area (LGA) spatial data base and a GIS/LIS that can output overlay maps. Application of GIS at the third stage is somewhat ‘after the event’. This study suggests that without such a regional review of the spatial patterns of permit appraisal criteria (including overland flow modelling) each appeal or negotiation is likely to yield an outcome that is inconsistent in relation to other cases. An LGA planning office maintaining a GIS with all layers relating to these criteria will have assembled its spatial data according to the requirements of its planning scheme and will make most use of it in a GIS at the permit appraisal stage.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场污染风险评价

本文是在系统调查和收集各类资料的基础上,根据垃圾场地固有的防污性能和垃圾场与地下水水源保护区间的关系进行综合评价,垃圾场地内在风险采用灰色聚类法进行评价。垃圾场地下水污染风险评价可以为地下水污染防治和修复提供技术支持。     

撞击载荷作用下水下沉箱防护设施损伤分析

面对通航区很可能发生的船舶抛锚、落物以及沉船等事故造成的危险,使用新型沉箱防护设施对水下生产系统进行安全防护,但目前撞击载荷下沉箱防护设施的安全评估标准并无明确界定。采用有限元方法对水下生产系统沉箱安全防护设施的撞击损伤进行了深入研究,考虑不同落物形状、下落速度、落物质量、碰撞位置对沉箱防护设施撞击损伤的影响。结果表明,锚、长方体落物对沉箱撞击最严重;撞击速度和落物质量与撞击应力成正比;对于非对称开孔的沉箱顶盖,距离开孔较近区域为应力敏感区,受到撞击时撞击应力较大。     

宁夏彭阳草庙地区煤田钻探防漏堵漏技术研究与应用

彭阳草庙地区是宁夏南部山区深部煤炭资源勘查的重要地区之一。在钻探过程中,多数钻孔都遇到不同程度的漏失问题,部分钻孔由于漏失诱发了孔内事故或机械事故,最终导致报废。在现场调研的基础上,针对不同漏失地层的防漏堵漏对策进行了分析;通过室内试验评价得到对应的防漏堵漏配方与实施细则;在以ZK7-1孔为代表的多个钻孔展开现场试验,效果良好,可在该地区或国内类似地区进行推广。