Influence of Continental Sources on Oceanic Air Composition at the Eastern Edge of the North Atlantic Ocean, TOR 1992–1995

The atmospheric concentrations of O3, NMHCs, PAN and NOx were measured at the TOR station in Porspoder (Brittany, France) from 1992 to 1995. The results from April 1992 to December 1994 are reported here. In order to study the behaviour of trace gases in the air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean, the origin of these air masses was characterised by the analysis of the five-day back-trajectories reaching 950 mbar at Porspoder. Three kinds of oceanic air masses are considered, depending on their origin: North Atlantic northern and southern latitudes and North American continent. It appears that the oceanic high-latitude troposphere was strongly influenced by continental emissions, which in turn impacted the median latitude troposphere during polar outflow events. A greater accumulation of anthropogenic compounds in the Arctic sector was calculated and may be at the origin of the high oxidant levels measured in spring in this same sector. The influence of north American emissions on the European coast was also studied and seems to reach a maximum in spring. Long-range transport of long- lived species was observed throughout the year, but evidence for winter transport of more reactive species, such as ethene, is also shown. Meteorological parameters and local photochemistry appear to play an important role in the distribution of the pollutants over the North Atlantic Ocean throughout the year. Further investigations are needed to give more complete information about the origin, formation and destruction of the secondary pollutants.     

三峡库区水体和底泥中多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯类分布和来源

通过对2016年三峡库区干支流18个采样点水体和底泥中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)和6种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)污染物浓度的时空分布特征和来源进行分析,得出如下结论:三峡库区2016年水体和底泥中ΣPAHs分别为3.9~107.6 ng/L(均值为39.9 ng/L)和267.9~1018.1 ng/g(均值为490.9 ng/g),ΣPAEs分别为122.4~2884.7 ng/L(均值为848.1 ng/L)和192.9~3473.4 ng/g(均值为1253.35 ng/g).水库水体和底泥中PAHs和PAEs均表现出显著的时空分布特征.干支流水体ΣPAHs平均浓度均为放水期(6月)高于蓄水期(12月),干流底泥ΣPAHs平均含量在蓄水期高于放水期.干流水体中ΣPAEs平均浓度在蓄水期显著高于放水期,底泥中ΣPAEs平均含量为放水期高于蓄水期.库区水体中的PAHs以2~3环和4环为主,底泥中以4环和5~6环为主.水体和底泥中PAEs均以邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基已基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯为主.库区水体中PAHs的主要来源为焦化或煤焦油挥发、石油源及燃料的中低温燃烧;底泥中PAHs主要来源为煤和生物质燃烧以及石油.水体和底泥中的PAEs主要来源于塑料和重化工工业以及生活垃圾.     

乌兹别克斯坦阿姆河流域水体中多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评估

为研究乌兹别克斯坦境内阿姆河地区水体中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征、来源并进行风险评估,采用高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器串联荧光检测器法,对研究区域50个采样点中16种优先控制的多环芳烃进行了检测分析.结果表明,阿姆河地区水体中多环芳烃总浓度范围为3.19~779 ng/L,平均值为98.4 ng/L,中位值为40.1 ng/L,单体浓度范围为0~333 ng/L,检出浓度最高的单体为苊烯,5种单体芴、蒽、荧蒽、芘和的检出率为100%,单体苯并[b]荧蒽的检出总量最高,水样中总浓度为786 ng/L,平均值为15.7 ng/L,中值为2.79 ng/L.不同水体含中低环多环芳烃（2~4环）与高环多环芳烃（5~6环）总浓度相近,但不同采样点间浓度差异较大.浓度较高的采样点主要集中在阿姆河三角洲的城市、农业灌溉区及近咸海区域.与世界不同研究区域相比,阿姆河流域多环芳烃浓度处于中等水平.采用相对丰度法、同分异构体比值法及正定矩阵分解法相结合进行源解析,表明研究区域水体中多环芳烃多为混合来源,其中阿姆河下游河段水体多环芳烃主要来源于生物质燃烧,而阿姆河三角洲区域主要来源于生物质燃烧、石油、天燃气燃烧及汽车尾气排放.生态风险评估结果显示,研究区水体单体多环芳烃中萘、苊、菲和蒽的生态风险较低,其余单体处于中等风险等级,其中苯并[b]荧蒽的污染程度较为严重;总体上阿姆河流域ΣPAHs风险等级相对较低,但仍有12和8个点位分别处于中等风险2和高风险等级,且主要集中在阿姆河三角洲地区,需采取相应措施加以控制.     

快速溶剂萃取(S-916)/GC-MS法测定土壤中15种多环芳烃

本文建立了S-916快速溶剂萃取仪(Buchi瑞士)快速萃取-气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)联用测定土壤中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的方法。土壤样品经正己烷、丙酮快速溶剂萃取,除水浓缩后,利用硅酸镁小柱进行净化,直接进GC-MS测定。结果表明,在5.01000.0μg/L浓度范围内,15种PAHs的相关系数均在0.996以上,RF RSD<12%,加标回收率在80%117%之间,15种PAHs的最低检出限均低于0.40μg·kg^-1.该方法灵敏、快速、准确可靠,完全满足实验室对土壤中PAHs的检测要求,可为土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染情况提供快速检测依据。     

Hyperspectral analysis of soil polluted with four types of hydrocarbons

In this study, a high spectral resolution GER-2600 spectroradiometer was used to obtain the spectral data of soil samples that were polluted with four different types of petroleum–hydrocarbons products: Diesel, Gasoline, Crude Oil and Fuel Oil. The polluted soil samples were prepared in the laboratory at five concentrations levels: unpolluted soil, 2500, 100,000, 250,000 ppm and pure pollutant. Spectral data were pre-processed and then analysed with various approaches: Principal Components Transformation and ANOVA, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Hydrocarbon Index (HI) and Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA). The results showed that it was possible to determine the different spectral response between clean soil and some of the polluted soils: crude oil at concentrations higher than 100,000 ppm were the easiest to recognize; while samples polluted with gasoline at concentrations below 250,000 ppm were the most difficult to distinguish from non-polluted samples.     

我国海洋滩涂主要污染物的研究概况

随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,海洋滩涂因其资源丰富且易开发,受到了越来越多的关注。然而,由于过度开发、环境污染及异常海况变动造成海洋滩涂生态正在恶化并日趋加剧。在介绍海洋滩涂主要污染物类型的基础上,本文对海洋滩涂沉积物中污染物的组成、来源、空间分布及污染水平进行概述,列举滩涂污染生态风险评估主要方法,剖析滩涂污染引发的主要问题,总结近年来滩涂治理的思路和措施,旨在为新型沿海滩涂管理及资源开发提供一定的理论基础。     

一株深海嗜低温萘降解细菌Nah-1的分离及降解基因研究

以萘为唯一碳源和能源从南,中绳海槽深海沉积物中分离得到一株能降解萘的海洋嗜低温细菌Nah-1,测定了该茵的最适生长条件及生长曲线。16S rRNA基因（16SrDNA）序列同源性分析表明该菌属于解环菌属（Cyczocznsticus）。PCR扩增萘降解基因得到目标片段,比对结果表明,相似度最高的基因phnAl来自Cycloclasticus sp．A5,为99％,该基因编码的蛋白是萘双加氧酶大亚基。     

The relationship between light hydrocarbons and carbonate petrology—a study from the Mendip Hills

Anomalously high values of light hydrocarbons (C1–C4) have been detected in carbonate rocks hosting base metal mineralization, and have a potential use in mineral exploration. Development of an exploration method based on such anomalies requires an understanding of the controls on the hydrocarbon content of the rocks, other than by mineralization, i.e. the hydrocarbons present in background areas. This study uses gas chromatography to investigate the light hydrocarbons present in rocks from such a background area, the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, in order to determine the extent to which different carbonate lithologies affect the quantity and nature of hydrocarbons present. It appears that the lithological effects are minimal when compared to the anomalous values from mineralized areas. The limited effects are due to variations in the depositional and diagenetic regimes of the original sediments.     

厦门西港表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、分布及来源

采用气相色谱与质谱联用(GC／MS)技术,通过3个航次对厦门西港沉积物中16种优先监控的PAHs的污染状况进行不同季节的连续调查。结果表明,厦门西港沉积物中检出的PAHs均以4—6环的为主,其中荧葸和芘在不同航次及不同站位均为优势组分。PAHs的总含量变化不明显,但高分子量的PAHs(5—6环)的含量却有升高的趋势。厦门西港沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于矿物的不完全燃烧,与1993年的调查结果相比,厦门西港沉积物中PAHs的含量有所减少,与国内外其他相似地区比较属中等水平。