中国矿产资源国情调查评价历史回顾及对推动国民经济发展的作用

矿产资源储量家底是一个国家的基础根基，矿产资源及矿产品(含重要工业产品)是一个国家实施工业化及促进现代化建设的物质基础，是一个国家综合国力的体现。要以科学的精神，评价矿产资源。有多少家底，办多大事情，一步一个脚印地支撑国家经济建设。本文在回顾1949年新中国建立以来70余年地质矿产资源勘查、矿产资源开发利用及工业化取得了举世瞩目的成就的基础上，对自1952年以来中国矿产资源国情调查与评价历史进行系统评价，经综合集成研究，总结提出中国矿产资源国情调查与评价的发展演变规律，所得出的研究结论与认识对于推进我国矿产资源国情调查与评价工作具有一定的现实意义。研究认为：矿产资源在我国工业化与经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用，基于中国矿产资源储量管理体制及职能的变化，以矿产资源储量管理为核心，将中国矿产资源国情调查与评价的发展演变阶段划分为5个时期：启动期(1952～1965年)、规范期(1966～1993年)、改革期(1994～2006年)、发展期(2007～2017年)与深化期(2018年-),阐述了各时期的特点与发展演变规律，以及查明资源储量和矿产品的变化规律。在每个时期，我国均依靠国家力量，组织...     

Modelling of rutting of two flexible pavements with the shakedown theory and the finite element method

This paper presents a finite element program, for the modelling of rutting of flexible pavements. In its present version, the program incorporates a permanent deformation model for unbound granular materials based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings and has been used to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials (UGM) subjected to traffic loading. The calculation is performed in two steps: the first step consists in modelling the resilient behaviour of the pavement in 3D, using non-linear elastic models, to determine the stress field in the pavement. Then stress paths are derived and used to calculate the permanent deformations and the displacements, using a Drucker–Prager yield surface. An application to the prediction of the permanent deformations of experimental pavements with an unbound granular base, tested on the LCPC pavement testing facility is presented.     

地学高层次人才培养，从入门课程《普通地质学》开始

充分发挥专业课程的多维度育人功能是打通基础学科高层次人才培养的关键一环。作为地质学及其相关专业的第一门专业入门课程,《普通地质学》课程主要教授学生地球科学的基本知识、基本技能和基本地质思维等专业知识,同时培养学生的专业兴趣。面对新时代高层次地学人才培养的要求,需要深入挖掘该课程的思政元素,实现教学理念从单纯的传授基础知识、激发专业兴趣到科学素养和人文素养拓展,开启《普通地质学》课程服务地学高层次人才培养的大门。充分利用“将今论古”思想和动力地质作用这两个课程核心内容,培养学生的开拓创新精神和跨学科能力,提升学生的科学素养。同时,依托地质过程的复杂性和庞大的地质时空观等课程核心内容,培养学生的工匠精神、大格局观和发展观,提升人文素养。     

Macro–micro analysis method for wave propagation in stochastic media

This paper presents a new analysis method, called macro–micro analysis method (MMAM) for numerical simulation of wave propagation in stochastic media, which could be used to predict distribution of earthquake strong motion with high accuracy and spatial resolution. This MMAM takes advantage of the bounding medium theory (BMT) and the singular perturbation expansion (SPE). BMT can resolve uncertainty of soil and crust structures by obtaining optimistic and pessimistic estimates of expected strong motion distribution. SPE leads to efficient multi‐scale analysis for reducing a huge amount of computation. The MMAM solution is given as the sum of waves of low resolution covering a whole city and waves of high resolution for each city portion. This paper presents BMT and SPE along with the formulation of MMAM for wave propagation in three‐dimensional elastic media. Application examples are presented to verify the validity of the MMAM and demonstrate potential usefulness of this approach. In a companion paper (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn., this issue) application examples of earthquake strong motion prediction are also presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capabilities and limitations of detailed hillslope hydrological modelling

Hillslope hydrological modelling is considered to be of great importance for the understanding and quantification of hydrological processes in hilly or mountainous landscapes. In recent years a few comprehensive hydrological models have been developed at the hillslope scale which have resulted in an advanced representation of hillslope hydrological processes (including their interactions), and in some operational applications, such as in runoff and erosion studies at the field scale or lateral flow simulation in environmental and geotechnical engineering. An overview of the objectives of hillslope hydrological modelling is given, followed by a brief introduction of an exemplary comprehensive hillslope model, which stimulates a series of hydrological processes such as interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration into the soil matrix and into macropores, lateral and vertical subsurface soil water flow both in the matrix and preferential flow paths, surface runoff and channel discharge. Several examples of this model are presented and discussed in order to determine the model's capabilities and limitations. Finally, conclusions about the limitations of detailed hillslope modelling are drawn and an outlook on the future prospects of hydrological models on the hillslope scale is given.The model presented performed reasonable calculations of Hortonian surface runoff and subsequent erosion processes, given detailed information of initial soil water content and soil hydraulic conditions. The vertical and lateral soil moisture dynamics were also represented quite well. However, the given examples of model applications show that quite detailed climatic and soil data are required to obtain satisfactory results. The limitations of detailed hillslope hydrological modelling arise from different points: difficulties in the representations of certain processes (e.g. surface crusting, unsaturated–saturated soil moisture flow, macropore flow), problems of small‐scale variability, a general scarcity of detailed soil data, incomplete process parametrization and problems with the interdependent linkage of several hillslopes and channel–hillslope interactions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction between cladding and structural frame observed in a full‐scale steel building test

Interaction between the external wall cladding and the seismic load resisting frame was examined in a full‐scale cyclic loading test of a three‐storey steel building structure. The building specimen had Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete (ALC, also designated as Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) panels installed and anchored to the structural frame as external wall cladding, using a standard Japanese method developed following the 1995 Kobe earthquake. ALC panelling is among the most widely used material for claddings in Japan. In the test, the ALC panel cladding contributed little to the stiffness and strength of the overall structure, even under a very large storey drift of 0.04 rad. No visible damage was noted in the ALC panels other than minor cracks and spalling of the bottom of the panels in the first storey. Consequently, in a Japanese steel building with properly installed ALC panel cladding, the structural frame is likely to be little affected by its cladding, and the ALC panels are capable of accommodating the maximum storey drift generally considered in structural design without sustaining discernible damage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2017年九寨沟7.0级地震断层破裂尺度初步研究

本文利用2017年九寨沟7.0级地震的余震序列数据,结合震源机制解确定的地震断层面,研究了地震断层的破裂尺度。基于余震序列在断层面上的投影,分析直接余震和间接余震以及不同起始震级条件下余震区的长度和震源深度分布,估算了地震断层破裂面的破裂长度和破裂深度,并探讨了地震断层破裂对地震烈度分布的影响。研究结果显示,九寨沟7.0级地震断层的破裂长度约33—35km,破裂深度约23—26km;地震断层破裂对Ⅷ度区分布有明显的控制作用,地震断层破裂长度接近Ⅷ度区的长度。     

三相周期成层Patchy模型中地震波频散和衰减

本文基于White周期层状模型,将传统两相流体（气,水）模型扩展至三相流体（油、气、水）周期层状模型,在Biot理论框架下将其延伸至高频,研究介观尺度地震频带下纵波在三相Patchy模型中的传播规律.应用孔隙介质弹性波波动方程解耦方法,结合等效边界条件,得到Biot1956年理论框架下的纵波速度频散与衰减的解析解.利用频率域有限差分方法,将Biot1941年、1956年理论方程中的微分算子离散化,正演得到纵波速度频散与衰减的数值解,结合由Biot-Gassmann-Hill公式和Biot-Gassmann-Wood公式计算得到的纵波速度上下限,证明了三相流体模型解析解的正确性.随后,研究了三种流体排列顺序对于纵波速度频散和衰减的影响.从受力分析角度来看,油层抵消部分水流对气层的力,使其受力减小,反之水流促进油流入气层,气层受到叠加力,因此改变流体顺序后气层受力情况不同,造成纵波频散和衰减结果有所差异.最后研究了含气饱和度变化对于纵波速度频散和衰减影响.

     

如何正确使用新的震级国家标准

震级的使用规定是新的震级国家标准《地震震级的规定》（GB17740-2017）的重要内容。为便于广大技术人员和管理人员在实际工作中更好地理解和执行该标准,本文从震级的科学应用和社会应用2个方面详细介绍震级的使用规定。     

Accuracy assessments and uncertainty analysis of spatially explicit modeling for land use/cover change and urbanization:A case in Beijing metropolitan area

Spatially explicit modeling plays a vital role in land use/cover change and urbanization research as well as resources management;however,current models lack proper validation and fail to incorporate uncertainty into the formulation of model predictions.Consequently,policy makers and the general public may develop opinions based on potentially misleading research,which fails to allow for truly informed decisions.Here we use an uncertainty strategy of spatially explicit modeling combined with the series stat...