Removing irregular frequencies by a partial discontinuous higher order boundary element method

The phenomenon of irregular frequencies is a puzzle in the course of calculating the interaction of waves and structures by the boundary element method. To remove the irregular frequencies, the modified integral domain method is adopted, and continuous higher order elements and partial discontinuous higher order elements are used for discretization. By these means, the effects of the irregular frequencies are effectively removed. Effective strategies have been adopted to deal with singular integrals and nearly singular integrals at different situations. The numerical results of the horizontal wave force on a uniform cylinder in the first order and second order diffraction problems show that the present method has a good validity. At the same time, the influence of collocation parameter on accuracy of numerical results is examined in detail.     

Numerical simulation and validation of ocean waves measured by an Along-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

A new nonlinear integral transform of ocean wave spectra into Along-Track Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar （ATI-SAR） image spectra is described. ATI-SAR phase image spectra are calculated for various sea states and radar configurations based on the nonlinear integral transform. The numerical simulations show that the slant range to velocity ratio （R/V）, significant wave height to ocean wavelength ratio （Hi2）, the baseline （2B） and incident angle （0） affect ATI-SAR imaging. The ATI-SAR imaging theory is validated by means of Two X-band, HH-polarized ATI-SAR phase images of ocean waves and eight C-band, HH-polarized ATI-SAR phase image spectra of ocean waves. It is shown that ATI-SAR phase image spectra are in agreement with those calculated by forward mapping in situ directional wave spectra collected simultaneously with available ATI-SAR observations. ATI-SAR spectral correlation coefficients between observed and simulated are greater than 0.6 and are not sensitive to the degree of nonlinearity. However, the ATI-SARoPhase image spectral turns towards the range direction, even if the real ocean wave direction is 30. It is also shown that the ATI-SAR imaging mechanism is significantly affected by the degree of velocity bunching nonlinearity, especially for high values of R/V and H/2.     

Research on ground deformation monitoring method in mining areas using the probability integral model fusion D-InSAR,sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking

With the aim of addressing the problem of accurately monitoring complete deformation fields over mining areas by means of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), this paper proposes a solution to obtain complete deformation fields using the probability integral model to fuse deformation data derived from Differential Interferometric SAR (D-InSAR), sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking. This method is used for small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale deformation monitoring using D-InSAR, sub-band InSAR and offset-tracking, respectively. Finally, the probability integral model is utilized to integrate the three deformation fields, and a complete deformation field with high-accuracy over the study area can be obtained. The method is tested on 13 TerraSAR-X (TSX) images from December 2, 2012 to April 24, 2013 of the working face 52,304 of the Daliuta mining area in Shaanxi province, China. The complete deformation field of the working face during the 113-day mining period is obtained. The results show that during the process of working face advancing, the subsidence basin has been expanding along the direction of excavation. The relationship between the average maximum subsidence rate and the advancing distance of the working face can be described by a quadratic polynomial. It has been also observed that, when the underground mining reaches the full mining condition, the maximum subsidence value does not increase further. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified against the global positioning system field survey data. The root mean square errors in the strike and dip directions are 0.134 m and 0.105 m, respectively. Due to the support provide by the reserved coal pillars, the subsidence value above the reserved coal pillars is smaller.     

基于现场实测的渤海风速特性研究

风荷载是影响海洋结构物设计和安全服役最为显著的环境因素之一。利用在役海洋平台监测系统对渤海风速场展开长期监测,获得了长期的风速信息。对极值风速进行分析,利用极值Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分布对风速极值的概率密度进行拟合。基于极值Ⅰ型概率分布,获得了渤海海域重现期为5 a、10 a、30 a和50 a的最大风速值。对年最大风速的脉动风分量、湍流强度、阵风因子进行了分析。考虑高频分量的影响,利用小波变换,得到了脉动风速的近似分量和细节分量,计算了实测风速的纵向和横向的空间积分尺度。对比经验脉动风谱与实测脉动风谱,证明了Davenport风速谱能够较好地拟合渤海现场风速场。     

基于粘性-滑移界面接触模型半空间隧道衬砌对平面P波的散射

基于粘性-滑移模型模拟隧道衬砌和围岩之间的接触状态,采用间接边界积分方程法求解弹性半空间中隧道衬砌对平面P波的散射,着重考察了地表位移放大和衬砌动应力集中效应。结果表明:接触滑移边界的刚度系数和粘度系数对隧道衬砌的动应力分布影响较大,滑移刚度较小时,共振频率段动应力集中效果更加显著;随着粘度系数的增大,衬砌内部环向应力幅值逐渐减小。另外,界面刚度系数和粘度系数对隧道衬砌动力反应的影响程度也受控于入射频率和角度。     

积分方程法复杂介质可控源电磁勘探快速正反演研究现状及发展方向

复杂介质可控源电磁勘探数值模拟及反演算法的研究一直是国内外地球物理学者研究的热点。本文对复杂介质可控源电磁勘探快速正反演算法研究进行综述,重点对复杂介质快速正反演算法及应用进行分析,指出高效并行、特殊边界条件或将是其真正实用化的关键,当前仍然是极具挑战的研究方向。着重对未受关注的可控源电磁法复杂介质积分方程法正反演算法及其应用研究,如二维、2.5维快速正反演算法;地面、井筒电磁勘探实例、起伏地形异常场模拟等进行讨论。指出国内积分方程法的研究相对滞后,但应用前景较可观;特别是大尺度隐伏资源勘探领域,高精度、高效电磁勘探正反演需求较迫切。通过体积分方程法快速正反演算例分析,表明该方法可适用于大尺度勘探生产,具有较好实用性。复杂地形模拟,高效正反演算法等是积分方程法实用化的关键。      

Equivalent formulae of stress Green's functions for a constant slip rate on a triangular fault

We present an equivalent form of the expressions first obtained by Tada(Geophys J Int 164:653–669,2006. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246 X.2006.03868.x), which represents the transient stress response of an infinite, homogeneous and isotropic medium to a constant slip rate on a triangular fault that continues perpetually after the slip onset. Our results are simpler than Tada's, and the corresponding codes have a higher running speed.     

Effect of seepage on flow and bedforms dynamics

This study, using an experimental approach, focuses on the effect of downward seepage on a threshold alluvial channel morphology and corresponding turbulent flow characteristics. In all the experiments, we observed that the streamwise time‐averaged velocities and Reynolds shear stresses were increased under the influence of downward seepage. Scales of eddy length and eddy turnover time were significantly increased with the application of downward seepage, leading to sediment transport and initiation of bedforms along the channel length. As the amount of seepage discharge increased, eddy length and turnover time were further increased, causing the development of larger bedforms. It was revealed that the geometry of bedforms was linked with the size of eddies. In this work, statistics of bedform dynamics are presented in terms of multi‐scalar bedforms in the presence of seepage. These multi‐scalar ubiquitous bedforms cast a potential impact on flow turbulence as well as stream bed morphology in channels. We used wavelet to analyse temporally lagged spatial bed elevation profiles that were obtained from a set of laboratory experiments and synchronized the wavelet coefficients with bed elevation fluctuations at different length scales. A spatial cross‐correlation analysis, based on the wavelet coefficients, was performed on these bed elevation datasets to observe the effect of downward seepage on the dynamic behaviour of bedforms at different length scales. It was found that celerity of bedforms reduced with increase in seepage percentage. Bedform celerity was best approximated by a probability density function such as Rayleigh distribution under varying downward seepage. Further, statistical analysis of physical parameters of bedforms ascertained that the reduction in bedform celerity was a result of increased bedform size. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DAQINGSHAN DRAINAGE AREA IN THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF HETAO BASIN

The Daqingshan Fault located in the northern margin of the Hetao Basin has experienced intensive activity since late Quaternary, which is of great significance to the molding of the present geomorphology. Since basin geomorphological factors can be used to reflect regional geomorphological type and development characteristics, the use of typical geomorphology characteristics indexes may reveal the main factors that control the formation of topography. In recent years, more successful research experience has been accumulated by using hypsometric integral(HI) values and channel steepness index(k_sn)to quantitatively obtain geomorphic parameters to reveal regional tectonic uplift information. The rate of bedrock uplifting can be reflected by channel steepness index, the region with steep gradient has high rate of bedrock uplifting, while the region with slower slope has low rate of bedrock uplifting. The tectonic uplift can shape the geomorphic characteristics by changing the elevation fluctuation of mountains in study area, and then affect the hypsometric integral values distribution trend, thus, the HI value can be used to reflect the intensity of regional tectonic activity, with obvious indicating effect. Knick point can be formed by fault activity, and the information of knick point and its continuous migration to upstream can be recorded along the longitudinal profile of stream. Therefore, it is possible and feasible to obtain the information of tectonic activity from the geomorphic characteristics of Daqinshan area. The research on the quantitative analysis of regional large-scale tectonic activities in the Daqingshan area of the Yellow River in the Hetao Basin is still deficient so far. Taking this area as an example, based on the method of hypsometric integral(HI) and channel steepness index(k_sn), we use the DEM data with 30m resolution and GIS spatial analysis technology to extract the networks of drainage system and seven sub-basins. Then, we calculate the hypsometric integral(HI) values of each sub-basin and fit its spatial distribution characteristics. Finally, we obtain the values of channel steepness index and its fitting spatial distribution characteristics based on the improved Chi-plot bedrock analysis method. Combining the extraction results of geomorphic parameters with the characteristics of fault activity, we attempt to explore the characteristics of drainage system development and the response of stream profile and geomorphology to tectonic activities in the Daqingshan section of the Yellow River Basin. The results show that the values of the hypsometric integral in the Daqingshan drainage area are medium, between 0.5~0.6, and the Strahler curve of each tributary is S-shaped, suggesting that the geomorphological development of the Daqingshan area is in its prime, and the tectonic activity and erosion is strong. Continuous low HI value is found in the tectonic subsidence area on the hanging wall of the Daqingshan Fault. The distribution characteristics of the HI value reveal that the Daqingshan Fault controls the geomorphic difference between basin and mountain. Longitudinal profiles of the river reveal the existence of many knick points. The steepness index of river distributes in high value along the trend of mountain which lies in the tectonic uplift area on the footwall of the Daqingshan Fault. It reflects that the bedrock uplift rate of Daqingshan area is faster. The distribution characteristics of the channel steepness index show that the uplift amplitude of Daqingshan area is strong and the bedrock is rapidly uplifted, which is significantly different from the subsidence amplitude in the depression basin at the south margin of the fault, indicating that the main power source controlling the basin mountain differential movement comes from Daqingshan Fault. Based on the comparison and analysis on tectonic, lithology and climate, there is no obvious corresponding relationship between the difference of rock erosion resistance and the change of geomorphic parameters, and the precipitation has little effect on the geomorphic transformation of Daqingshan area, and its contribution to the geomorphic development is limited. Thus, we think the lithology and rainfall conditions have limited impact on the hypsometric integral, longitudinal profiles of the river and channel steepness index. Lithology maybe has some influences on the channel knick points, while tectonic activity of piedmont faults is the main controlling factor that causes the unbalanced characteristics of the longitudinal profile of the channel and plays a crucial role in the development of the channel knick points. So, tectonic activity of the Daqingshan Fault is the main factor controlling the uplift and geomorphic evolution of the Daqingshan area.     

白洋淀春季沉积物好氧反硝化菌群落结构特征及对溶解性有机物的响应

好氧反硝化因其独特优势成为近年来生物脱氮的研究热点,溶解性有机物(DOM)作为微生物碳源是造成群落差异的重要原因,为了探究白洋淀不同功能区好氧反硝化菌群落结构对溶解性有机物碳源的响应,本文结合荧光区域积分法以及napA反硝化基因的高通量测序技术,对白洋淀春季沉积物中的好氧反硝化菌群落结构特征以及好氧反硝化菌对溶解性有机...