煤田火区遥感四层空间探测方法

煤层自燃是一个动态变化的过程,随着自燃向不同方向扩大或缩小,其热场随着燃烧过程而发生空间变化。本文在研究煤田煤层自燃现象及其火区灾害特征的基础上,基于宁夏汝箕沟地区的四层空间遥感探测试验,总结了不同平台遥感方法的探测效果,提出了利用遥感方法实现地下煤田火区监测的有效方法。     

Laumontization and Secondary Pores of Sandstones in the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous Coal Measures, off Northeast Honshu, Japan

Abstract. Sandstones with high reservoir quality occur in the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous coal measures off Sanriku and Sohma in the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu. The sandstone porosity was generally produced by the dissolution of calcite cement and clastic grains such as feldspar and glassy volcanics. The most probable cause of dissolution is the organic acids generated from the maturation of coal and coaly matter in the deeply subsiding source area prior to thermogenic hydrocarbon generation. The pore fluid including organic acids dissolved calcite and clastic silicates to form a small amount of laumontite and kaolinite at around 60C. The acidic and not neutralized pore fluid was responsible for the formation of kaoli-nite. On the other hand, laumontite was formed when the acidic pore fluid was neutralized and then made alkaline after the reaction with minerals such as plagioclase, glassy volcanics and calcite cement. Therefore, laumontite and kaolinite generally occur separately. Laumontite is 0.6–4.6 % by volume, whereas kaolinite is 0.6–9.8 % and the sandstone porosity remains from 10 to 22 %. This type of laumontization after the secondary pore formation might not give a severe damage to the reservoir property of the Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous coal measures in the Pacific coast of northeast Honshu and indicates further exploration possibility.     

煤炭资源开发对土壤环境影响分析--以贵州六盘水为例

矿山开发是造成资源匮乏和环境问题的重要原因。矿山开发建设项目实施之前，应该对矿产开发的环境影响进行评估。煤炭资源开发对土壤环境的影响很显著。文章对典型的矿业城市——贵州省六盘水市进行研究，分析煤炭资源开发对土壤环境影响的几种表现形式，提出用机会成本法和恢复费用法对不利影响的损失进行评估，指出要切实减缓不利影响必须综合采取多种有效措施。煤炭资源开发对土壤环境的影响包括直接占用土地、污染土壤环境、引发次生地质灾害等方面。在此基础上，将不利影响归为两类：①占地损失，为不可逆影响，包含引起土壤直接被占用、淹没或破坏的各种影响因素。②土壤肥力损失，为可逆影响，是由于各种污染物进入土壤所引起的。对于前者，用机会成本法进行评估，在掌握拟建工程区土壤利用现状的基础上，计算土壤利用现值；同时要将估计年限的机会成本均纳入矿山开发建设的社会成本中。对于后者，用恢复费用法进行评估，需要了解土壤受影响之前的各项指标。文章最后指出，需要从开发开采技术、工程地质、“三废”处理、土地复垦、税收管理等各方面强化对不利影响的控制。     

基于遗传算法的煤层注水渗透特征参数反演

煤层注水是防治矿井冲击地压灾害发生的最有效的方法。确定煤层渗透特征参数，是合理确定注水工艺参数、有效控制防灾效果的关键，有很强的现实意义。遗传算法是全局收敛的方法，用该算法对煤体导水、贮水等渗透特征参数反演，方法稳定可靠。以观测水分增值与计算结果的相对偏差作为最优搜索目标函数，建立GA反演适应度函数及迭代收敛准则；GA操作采用无条件保护最优个体、种群个体无死亡及每个体只有1次参与交换机会等规则。提出通过对已知参数正向问题结果(水分增值)的反演计算，验证遗传算法精度。算例结果表明，繁衍迭代至第41代时，反演参数结果与理论参数几乎完全拟合。达到最优解，精度符合工程要求。     

中国煤矿废弃物环境效应研究进展

简述煤矿废弃物的环境地球化学效应和治理方法。分别论述了煤矸石山的自燃、淋滤和煤矿矿井水的环境效应。研究发现，煤矸石自燃会释放出SO2、CO、H2S、CO2、NOx、CH4、多环芳烃(PAHs)等多种有毒有害物质；煤矸石中的有害元素As、Cd、F、Hg、Mo、Pb等含量多与硫化物、硫酸盐等正相关，连续化学浸取能将很大部分毒害元素溶出；矿井水直接排放会引起地下水位下降和环境污染。目前我国对煤矿废弃物的环境效应研究已经很重视，但煤矸石和矿井水资源化治理还存在一些问题。     

Integrated satellite observations of the 2001 eruption of Mt. Cleveland, Alaska

Satellite data were the primary source of information for the eruption of Mt. Cleveland, Alaska on 19 February, and 11 and 19 March 2001. Multiple data sets were used pre-, syn- and post-eruption to mitigate the hazard and determine an eruption chronology. The 19 February eruption was the largest of the three, resulting in a volcanic cloud that formed an arc over 1000 km long, moved to the NE across Alaska and was tracked using satellite data over more than a 50-h period. The volcanic cloud was “concurrently” detected on the GOES, AVHRR and MODIS data at various times and their respective signals compared. All three sensors detected a cloud that had a very similar shape and position but there were differences in their areal extent and internal structural detail. GOES data showed the largest volcanic cloud in terms of area, probably due to its oblique geometry. MODIS bands 31 and 32, which are comparable to GOES and AVHRR thermal infrared wavelengths, were the least effective single channels at detecting the volcanic cloud of those investigated (MODIS bands 28, 29, 31 and 32). MODIS bands 28 and 29 detected the largest volcanic clouds that could easily be distinguished from weather clouds. Of the split-window data, MODIS bands 29 minus band 32 detected the largest cloud, but the band 31 minus band 32 data showed the volcanic cloud with the most internal structural detail. The Puff tracking model accurately tracked the movement, and predicted the extent and shape of this complex cloud even into areas beyond satellite detection. Numerous thermal anomalies were also observed during the eruption on the twice-daily AVHRR data and the high spatial-resolution Landsat data. The high-resolution Radarsat data showed that the AVHRR thermal anomalies were due to lava and debris flow features and a newly formed fan along the west coast of the island. Field observations and images from a hand-held Forward Looking Infrared Radiometer (FLIR) showed that the flow features were ′a′a lava, debris flows and a warm debris fan along the west coast. Real-time satellite data were the primary tool used to monitor the eruption, track changes and to mitigate hazards. High-resolution data, even though coverage is infrequent, were critical in helping to identify volcanic processes and to compile an eruption chronology.     

浅埋深、薄基岩、厚松散含水层下煤层综合机械化开采防治水技术应用

神东煤炭公司大柳塔矿12404工作面煤层埋深浅，上覆基岩薄、松散含水层厚，且地表有河流横过(工作面长度240m，推进度3900m，其中薄基岩富水段150m)，为了减少工作面搬家次数提高生产效益，采取了地面抽排水、井下泄放水及地面注浆固沙等有效的防治水措施，工作面安全通过了母河沟，该防治水方法的应用改变了以往类似情况进行留煤柱跳采的方法，取得了浅埋深薄基岩厚含水层下煤层综合机械化安全开采经验，比停产跳采节省搬家费用2400万元，获得了显著的经济效益。     

保护煤炭资源 建设小康社会

煤炭是我国主要能源。无论过去、现在、还是未来，煤炭在我国能源市场的重要地位都不可动摇。煤炭资源安全牵系着国家能源战略安全，直接影响到国民经济的可持续发展。新世纪，在全球性能源危机面前，中国实行全面的节能增效与减灾政策，是保障国家能源安全的必然选择。影响煤炭资源安全的因素，存在于煤炭工业的各个环节，对资源的科学管理，是减灾保煤，降耗增效的关键。     

煤系地层中铁质矿物微观特征研究

通过对煤系地层中菱铁质鮞粒内部结构构造和黄铁矿、白铁矿微晶特征的研究，探讨了其生成的地球化学条件、形成机理，为地层对比、沉积地球化学条件的恢复等提供了依据。并对煤炭资源的勘探开发和利用具有实用意义。     

黄陵二号井煤层开采对水源地影响

黄陵二号井开采煤层能否引起上畛子及百药沟水源地破坏是一个重要的环境地质问题，倍受业内人士的关注，但目前观点仍不统一。依据地质勘探资料，运用水文地质学相关理论，在分析井田水文地质特征及直罗组上段隔水性能的基础上，通过导水裂隙带最大高度计算，得出了煤层开采对水源地无影响的结论，并提出了矿井建设期间应注意的事宜。