Accuracy assessment of the monthly GRACE geoids based upon a simulation

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of geophysical background model errors that affects temporal gravity solutions provided by the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE). Initial performance estimates by Dickey et al. (1997) suggested a formal geoid RMS error better than 0.1 mm up to spherical harmonic degree 5. Now that the GRACE gravity models and data are available, it is evident that these original expectations were too optimistic. Our hypothesis is that this is partially explained by errors in geophysical background models that need to be applied in the GRACE data reduction, and that this effect was not considered by Dickey et al. (1997). We discuss the results of a closed-loop simulation, where satellite trajectory prediction software is used for the generation of GRACE range-rate data and GRACE orbit solutions with the help of the Global Positioning System (GPS). During the recovery step in our closed-loop simulation, we show that simulated nuisance signals (based on tide and air pressure model differences) map to a 0.7 mm geoid effect for periods longer than 3 months and to less than 0.4 mm for periods shorter than 3 months. The long-period geoid hydrology signal is at a level of 4.5 mm, while the short-period hydrology is at 0.25 mm. The long-period ocean bottom pressure (OBP) signal maps at 0.8 mm and for short periods it is 0.4 mm. We conclude that short-period effects are difficult to observe by GRACE and that long-period effects, like hydrology, are easier to recover than OBP variations.     

A global river routing network for use in hydrological modeling

In this paper a relatively simple procedure is presented to construct a global river routing network on a 0.5° latitude–longitude grid. In this network all grid cells in a catchment are coupled and have a flow direction, making it a useful tool in the modeling of river flow on a global scale. The flow directions are based on a digital elevation model and on information on the locations of major rivers (‘stream burning’). The presented river routing network is specifically designed for the assessment of fresh water shortages. We tested the validity of the river routing network by comparing the computed drainage areas with published estimates. This comparison revealed a good similarity and it is concluded that the presented river routing network has sufficient quality to be implemented in global climate models. This could mean a considerable improvement of the surface parameterization in these models.     

Mixed memory, (non) Hurst effect, and maximum entropy of rainfall in the tropical Andes

Diverse linear and nonlinear statistical parameters of rainfall under aggregation in time and the kind of temporal memory are investigated. Data sets from the Andes of Colombia at different resolutions (15 min and 1-h), and record lengths (21 months and 8-40 years) are used. A mixture of two timescales is found in the autocorrelation and autoinformation functions, with short-term memory holding for time lags less than 15-30 min, and long-term memory onwards. Consistently, rainfall variance exhibits different temporal scaling regimes separated at 15-30 min and 24 h. Tests for the Hurst effect evidence the frailty of the R/S approach in discerning the kind of memory in high resolution rainfall, whereas rigorous statistical tests for short-memory processes do reject the existence of the Hurst effect.Rainfall information entropy grows as a power law of aggregation time, S(T) ∼ T^β with 〈β〉 = 0.51, up to a timescale, T_MaxEnt (70-202 h), at which entropy saturates, with β = 0 onwards. Maximum entropy is reached through a dynamic Generalized Pareto distribution, consistently with the maximum information-entropy principle for heavy-tailed random variables, and with its asymptotically infinitely divisible property. The dynamics towards the limit distribution is quantified. Tsallis q-entropies also exhibit power laws with T, such that S_q(T) ∼ T^β(q), with β(q) ? 0 for q ? 0, and β(q) ? 0.5 for q ? 1. No clear patterns are found in the geographic distribution within and among the statistical parameters studied, confirming the strong variability of tropical Andean rainfall.     

近50a来黑河流域水文及生态环境的变化

利用详实资料,对比分析了40年代以来不同时期黑河流域水文及生态环境的变化特征,并对不同时期流域水土资源开发利用规模及出山径流的变化进行对比分析,结果说明:本世纪40年代以来,流域中游地区地表水利用量增加了19倍,灌溉绿洲扩大了89.5%,使流域33条支流相继断流,干流下游水量减少了51%,终端湖泊干涸,水质恶化,土地盐碱化和沙漠化在全流域发展,沙漠化土地面积自1949年以来增加了4%~11%。人类对流域水土资源的大规模开发利用是产生这些变化的主要因素。     

二维水质模型在武汉东湖引水工程中的应用

以"大东湖生态水网"工程的实施为契机,应用MIKE21软件对武汉东湖引水工程进行数值模拟.利用东湖2008年6月和7月实测的水深、TN和TP数据率定了模型参数(床底摩擦力和涡粘系数),并利用2010年7月实测数据建立水动力学模型和对流扩散模型,模拟了四种引水工况下模型运行35 d之后东湖水体中TN、TP浓度分布情况,并比较四种工况的模拟结果.结果表明:在设置两个引水口以及考虑风速影响的情况下,东湖水体中TN、TP浓度分布最均匀.对"大东湖生态水网"工程的实施具有一定的指导意义.     

Flood hydrograph estimation from arid catchment morphology

Data on performance of a geomorphologic rainfall-runoff model in simulating observed flash flood hydrographs in 32 arid catchments have been analysed. The catchments, which are located in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia, vary in their size, slope of land, and characteristics of soils, and are in zones of different rainstorm characteristics. The sensitivity of the model accuracy with various catchment and rainfall characteristics has been investigated. Size, followed by rate of infiltration and slope of land, are the most effective catchment characteristics affecting the accuracy. In addition, the accuracy varies with spatial and temporal rainfall variation, total rainfall depth, and length of the dry period between two successive rainstorms over catchment. It is sensitive to temporal rainfall variation more than spatial rainfall variation, and to the dry period more than total rainfall depth. Generally, the model did not display an accuracy approaching that of the observations, especially in simulating peak flowrates in large size infiltrating catchments having high temporal rainstorm variation. Guidelines on the best use of the model in arid catchments were proposed.     

A test of classification and regionalisation of Danish watercourses

A classification of watercourses proposed by Hasholt 1999 has been tested in Denmark using data from detailed field investigations from 42 watercourses and their surrounding area. Three types of landscapes are included: the moraine landscape from the Weichselian glaciation, the moraine landscape from the Saalian glaciation and the outwash plains. The performance of the classification in separating types of watercourses is discussed and modifications are suggested.     

土壤盐渍化量化的遥感与GIS实验

为对土壤盐渍化程度做更为科学的定量分析，该文重点研究了地下水埋深，地下水矿化度和地貌因子对土壤盐渍化影响以及这种影响的定量化，研究区为吉林省长岭县实验区。利用地理信息系统作为支持工具，结合遥感数据和专家经验，建立数学模型，进行综合分析，获得了较好的结果，这种方法为分析土壤盐渍化问题的有效途径之一。     

冻土水文研究进展

冻土改变了区域水热条件、产汇流过程、产流量多寡及年内/际变化,冻土水文成为寒区生态-水文过程的核心环节.系统总结了国内外冻土水文研究进展,包括冻土水热传输特征,特殊的产汇流过程,流域尺度水平衡,以及各种水热传输物理模型和流域尺度水文模型.未来冻土水文的发展应在数据和方法积累的基础上,进一步探索产汇流过程机理,并建立完善...