基于GIS和AHP的贵阳市环城林带生态敏感性评价

贵阳市环城林带对贵阳市生态环境起着控制和调节作用。近年来,随着城市化建设的发展,环城林带遭到不同程度破坏。为了保护现存环城林带资源,文章根据贵阳市环城林带地质环境条件的调查与测试资料,选择7个生态敏感性影响因子（地层岩性、地质构造、高程、坡度、坡向、地表水域和人类活动）,采用GIS技术对各单因子的敏感性进行分区,最后利用层次分析法（AHP）和空间加权叠加技术对林带生态敏感性进行综合分区。结果表明,不敏感林区占林带总面积的4.82%,分布于研究区北部;轻度敏感区占18.01%,分布于南部、东北部及东南部;中度敏感区占42.91%,分布于东部、西部及东北部;高度敏感区占29.61%,分布于北部区域;极度敏感区占总面积的4.65%,零星分布于各林区。针对各敏感区存在的主要生态环境问题提出治理与保护对策,为预防和治理贵阳市环城林带生态环境问题提供科学依据,对今后贵阳市生态规划与建设提供科学指导。      

贵阳市岩溶地下水水质变化特征浅析

为了解长时间尺度岩溶地下水的水质变化特征,本文以贵阳市中心城区为例,选取1984年和2014年48组原位取样点的丰季水质数据,并结合地下水赋存环境和城市发展特征进行对比分析。结果显示:研究区地下水水质较好,整体有恶化的趋势;1984年仅有9处地下水水质超标,多数超标点为原生背景成因,2014年有14处水质超标,多数超标点为人类活动引起;地下水化学类型在30年间变化较大,近一半取样点地下水由HCO3型变成HCO3·SO4型水,研究区地下水硫酸盐化明显;新老城区地下水水质逐步好转,城乡结合部地带则是地下水污染的高发区,农业区因人类活动强度较低,地下水水质变化相对平缓。建议在岩溶城市的地下水资源开发和地下水环境保护工作中,应综合考虑不同区域的岩溶水文地质条件和人类活动特征,有的放矢的开展评价监测管理。针对工作区地下水硫酸盐化现象开展研究,并对城乡结合部开展综合整治,加强对农业区地下水环境的综合保护,以遏制区内地下水污染趋势,预防地下水污染事件的发生。      

Provenance and tectonic setting transition as recorded in the Neoproterozoic strata,western Jiangnan Orogen:Implications for South China within Rodinia

The Neoproterozoic Tonian strata(ca.870-725 Ma)in the western Jiangnan Orogen archive the records of sedimentary provenance and tectonic setting which can be used to understand the geological evolution of the South China Continent.These strata are separated into the basement and cover sequences by a regional angular unconformity.The basement sequence can be subdivided into the lower and the upper parts by the widespread interbedded ca.840 Ma basalt with pillow structure.In the present work,234 concordant detrital zircon analyses are obtained from three Tonian sandstone samples in the Fanjingshan district,Guizhou Province.Combined with previous results,a total of 1736 analyses of detrital zircon U-Pb ages derived from 12 formations of Tonian strata in the western Jiangnan Orogen are used to decipher the integrated sedimentary and tectonic histories.The zircons from the lowermost part of the basement sequence(the Yujiagou Formation)show oval morphology and display two Paleoproterozoic age peaks at 2325 Ma and 1845 Ma which are similar with the detrital zircon age peaks from the Late Paleoproterozoic to Early Mesoproterozoic Dongchuan/Dahongshan/Hekou groups,suggesting a passive margin basin in which the sediments were mainly sourced from the southwestern Yangtze Block.However,the zircon age population of the lower part of the basement sequence(the Xiaojiahe,Huixiangping formations and their equivalents)indicates the sedimentary derivation from bidirectional sources(the ca.870 Ma arc materials in the south and the old detritus from the southwestern Yangtze Block)which is consistent with a back arc setting for the deposition of the sediments.Zircons from the upper part of the basement sequence(the Duyantang Formation and its equivalent)show euhedral and subangular morphology and display a unimodal age peak at ca.835 Ma.This sequence was possibly deposited in a convergent setting and the detritus were came from the locally distributed syn-collisional igneous rocks.The lower part of the cover sequence(the Xinzhai and Wuye formations and their equivalents)shows a distinct zircon age peak at 815—809 Ma and two subordinate peaks at 2485 Ma and 2018 Ma,suggesting that the basin had gradually transformed into a continental rift basin and received the detritus from the ca.815 Ma post-collisional magmatic rocks as well as from different Paleoproterozoic source rocks in the northern Yangtze Block.We propose a tectonic evolution model that envisages eruption of ca.840 Ma basalt in a back arc basin that existed during ca.870-835 Ma,an angular unconformity was formed during amalgamation of the Yangtze Block and the Cathaysia Block at ca.835-820 Ma and the rifting of the South China Continent was initiated at ca.800 Ma.Our study concludes that the South China Continent was formed on the periphery of the Rodinia supercontinent.     

贵阳城区大气污染物的时空变化和复合污染特征

选取贵阳市10个空气质量监测站发布的PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3实时浓度数据，通过时间序列分析法和插值法研究贵阳市大气污染物的时空变化和复合污染特征。结果表明:（1）贵阳市2014-2018年主要污染物PM2.5和PM10的年平均浓度逐渐下降，光化学污染物O3年平均浓度有所增加，空气质量逐渐转好，环境治理取得明显效果；（2）2018-2019自然年PM2.5、PM10、NO2和O3在春季污染最严重，SO2和CO在冬季污染最严重，反映出污染源、阶段性燃料燃烧和二次离子生成等因素对不同污染物的影响不同；（3）PM2.5和PM10日变化特征为“午峰晚峰”型，峰值发生的时间因季节而异，主要由不同季节人类作息的起止时间不同所致，O3日变化为单峰型，夜间O3浓度较低，从早晨8:00点开始随着太阳辐射的增大和温度的升高，在15:00-16:00点左右达到峰值；（4）PM2.5的空间分布呈现出部分郊区和工业区较高，市中心居民区较低的特征，指示城市建设向郊区推进。O3浓度呈现出市区低、郊区高的空间分布特征，反映郊区植被覆盖好，释放的天然源VOCs促进了O3生成；（5）主要污染物O3与颗粒物PM2.5和PM10在春季造成的复合污染最为严重，在夏季O3与PM10造成一定程度的复合污染，在秋冬季O3浓度最低，O3与颗粒物不产生复合污染；一天之内同一时刻O3与颗粒物不会产生叠加从而造成复合污染。      

2005-2015年贵阳市生境退化程度对土地利用变化的响应

基于2005和2015年贵阳市土地利用数据,利用InVEST模型,分析了2005-2015年贵阳市生境退化程度对土地利用变化的响应,结果表明:（1）2005-2015年贵阳市城镇建设用地、农村居民点和有林地大幅增加,水田和旱地大幅下降,其他地类变化相对较小;水田和旱地转化为城镇建设用地、农村居民点和有林地最为突出;（2）10年间,贵阳市生境退化程度以下降为主,生境退化程度增加区主要分布在南部,下降区主要分布在北部、东部和西部;（3）生境退化程度热点变化以低值减少和高值减少为主;生境退化程度热点空间变化主要分布于南部。退耕还林政策及快速城镇化引起的水田和旱地转化为有林地、城镇建设用地和农村居民点是导致该区生境退化程度变化的主要因素。      

城市地表覆盖组分及植被多样性与热环境关联性分析——以贵阳市为例

本文以贵阳市为研究对象,研究了地表覆盖组分及植被多样性对地表温度的影响。首先基于Landsat8 OLI多时相影像数据在GEE平台上实现了研究区域地表覆盖精细分类;然后结合不同季节8天合成的MODIS温度产品数据,利用时空统计分析、相关分析等方法分析了研究区不同地表覆盖类型地表温度时空分布特征,地表温度与不同地表覆盖组分、地表覆盖多样性和植被覆盖多样性的相关性。结果表明：贵阳市建成区主要分布有常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林等植被,常绿阔叶林在不同季节对地表温度的降温效应明显,而不透水面对地表温度具有明显的增温效应,尤其以夏季最为显著;地表覆盖多样性与地表温度之间具有较强相关性,其中植被覆盖多样性较植被覆盖率对地表温度的影响更为显著,而不透水面的增加会明显降低植被多样性的影响。因此,要发挥城市绿地对城市温度和热岛效应的调节作用,建议可以适当增加常绿阔叶林的绿化面积,同时在空间上要提升植被多样性水平,能够较大程度改善城市热环境。     

风廓线雷达产品在贵州降雪冻雨天气中的特征分析

利用贵阳机场CFL 03型大气边界层风廓线雷达（Wind Profile Radar,WPR）资料、贵阳机场自观资料等,针对典型降雪和冻雨个例,以及贵阳近三年发生的降雪和冻雨过程的特征进行统计分析,结果表明：①WPR的水平风场反应出降雪期间冷空气厚度及强度都超过冻雨,并且中低层主要为冷平流,而冻雨中低层主要为暖平流;②高层大气折射率结构常数C2n增大/减小在时间上超前于降雪的增强/减弱,可以反应降雪强度变化的趋势;③降雪阶段的回波强度分布在垂直方向上向左倾斜,高层回波强度的变化对降雪强度的变化具有指示性;冻雨的回波在垂直方向呈现“强-弱-强”的分布,与温度场在垂直方向上的“冷 暖 冷”的层结分布一致;④冻雨天气下粒子的下落速度小于降雪,雨夹雪的下落速度比纯雪更大,小雪下落速度最小。     

The geochemical characteristics of aqueous rare-earth elements in shallow karst groundwater in Guiyang City,China

Fifty-seven shallow groundwater samples were collected from Guiyang karst basin, China, to analyze the aqueous rare-earth elements in low-water seasons and it is shown that the total amount of rare-earth elements (ΣREE) in karst groundwater is exceedingly low compared with that in carbonate rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks, and ranges from 0.01 to 0.43, from 0.03 to 0.27, from 0.03 to 0.19 and from 0.05 to 1.38 μg·L-1 for dolomite, dolomitic & limestone, limestone and clastic rock aquifer, respectively. Both distributions and contents of rare-earth elements (REE) in karst groundwater reflect the lithology of host rocks or weathering crusts of carbonate rocks through which groundwater flows. The chondrite-normalized patterns show a non-flat profile with higher enrichment of slightly light rare-earth elements (LREE) than heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), prominent fractionation between LREE and HREE, negative Ce anomalies and negative or positive Eu anomalies. There is more obvious fractionation between LREE and HREE in groundwater than that in carbonate rocks and their weathering crusts due to high contents of HCO3? and PH in groundwater. In shallow karst groundwater, REE(CO3)n2n-3 (n=1 and 2) is the main inorganic species of REE. But for a clastic rock aquifer, both REESO4+ and REECO3+ are the main inorganic species of REE. Species of REE in groundwater is closely associated with the hydrochemical type of groundwater which is predominated by the lithology of host rocks, groundwater-rock interaction and weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks.     

不同医疗资源空间配置及影响因素的地理探测——以贵阳主城区为例

医疗资源空间配置关系居民的健康福祉,以往研究更多关注医院,忽略了药店、诊所等社会卫生资源的系统配置。本文以贵阳市主城区为例,实地调查各级医疗机构、民间医疗、药店等不同医药类型体系,运用核密度、地理探测器等空间分析工具,探究引起城市医疗资源空间配置差异性的因素。结果表明,贵阳市主城区医药卫生服务空间布局呈内密外疏的特点,形成整体上“一心一带多点”的空间结构。其中,“一心一带”呈现了公立医疗资源,尤其是不同等级（三级、二级）的公立医院在空间分布上的等级性;“多点”则体现在社区医院、诊所及药店在空间上的均衡性。医疗资源空间配置整体受居住用地、道路密度、人口密度等因素影响明显,但不同类型医疗资源的影响因素存在差异。     

The distribution characteristics of heavy metals in Guiyang urban soils

Guiyang is located in southwestern China,which is a famous tourism city,and is awarded the title of"the Summer Capital of China".A study on heavy metals in Guiyang urban soils was conducted.The results showed that the concentrations of Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in Guiyang urban soils are significantly higher than their background values and Cu,Zn and Pb in Guiyang soils are accumulated seriously.The distribution characteristics of heavy metals in 3 districts are described as follows:the level of heavy metals in soils follows the order of Nanming District> Yunyan District>Xiaohe District.The spatial distribution of metals in urban soils of Guiyang shows that the level of metals in the central and eastern parts of Guiyang is relatively high,and its characteristics are attributed to the influence of commercial activities,heavy traffic and industrial emission.Compared with some other cities in China,Guiyang is characterized by relatively high accumulation level of Cd,Cu,and Zn in its soils.