利用卫星云图估算黄河中游地区平均面雨量

介绍了利用卫星云图资料估算黄河中游面雨量的基本方法：将GMS卫星1h间隔的可风和红外云图作为判别的两个特性进行分类，确定红外光线资料的所有最小值点作为对流核；多参照Negri-Adler的方法，应用斜率参数消除卷云；应用－维云模式确定红外线图上对流核的降水率，层状云降水通过一个温度阈值给出。另外，通过2001年7月26日至28日黄河流域出现的一次较强降雨过程进行应用分析，得出结论－－利用卫星云图估算黄河中游地区平均雨量的方法具有很好的实用价值。     

New Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic results from Qilian orogenic belt and its tectonic implications

Lower Cretaceous red sedimentary rocks from the depositional basin of East Qilian fold belt have been collected for a paleomagnetic study. Stepwise thermal demagnetization reveals two or three components of magnetization from dark red sandstones. Low-temperature magnetic component is consistent with the present Earth Field direction in geographic coordinates. High-temperature magnetic components are mainly carried by hematite. The mean pole of 19 sites for high-temperature magnetic components after tilt-correction is λ=62.2°N, φ=193.4°E, A95=3.2°, and it passes fold tests at 99% confidence level and reversal tests at 95% confidence level. The paleopole is insignificantly different from that of Halim et al. (1998) from the same sampling area at the 95% confidence level. Compared with paleomagnetic results for North China, South China, and Eurasia, our results suggest that no significant relative latitudinal displacement has taken place between Lanzhou region and these blocks since Cretaceous time. Remarkably, the pole of Lanzhou shows a 20° clockwise rotation with respect to those of North China, South China, and Eurasia. Geological information indicates that the crustal shortening in the western part of Qilian is greater than that in eastern part. In this case, the clockwise rotation of sampling area was related to India/Eurasia collision, and this collision resulted in a left-lateral strike-slip motion of the Altun fault in north Tibetan Plateau after the Cretaceous.     

The geography of water conflict and cooperation: internal pressures and international manifestations

Studies on transboundary water conflict and cooperation generally consider interstate relations over shared water resources as distinct from intrastate relations. While connections have been made between international water relations and regional relationships in general, it is conceivable that international water conflict and cooperation may also be influenced by domestic water events and vice versa. This paper seeks to investigate the dynamics of water interactions across geographic scale and their relationship to broader international affairs. The research approach involves the creation of an analytical framework for assessing possible linkages between external and internal interactions over freshwater resources. The framework is applied to three case studies – the Middle East, South Asia and Southern Africa – utilizing 'event data'. To validate the findings from the quantitative analyses, the results are compared with conventional qualitative understandings of water and overall relations in the three regions. The comparison demonstrates not only the efficacy of the analytical framework in general, but also highlights, at least in terms of the specific case studies selected, the disparate water dynamics across geographic regions and the importance of considering water events, both national and international, within larger political and historical contexts.     

Water wars in the Middle East: a looming threat

This paper explains how hydropolitical dynamics and spatial variables almost triggered a water war between Israel and Lebanon because the latter was building a pump on the Wazzani Spring, a tributary of the Jordan River. The convergence of a regional drought, history of violent confrontations between the two riparians, distrust, varying development needs and territorial disputes almost culminated in a war between these east Mediterranean neighbours. While most international water disputes in the Middle East will be resolved peacefully, some are likely to trigger violent confrontations threatening political stability in the Middle East in the next few decades.     

辽东青城子矿集区金、银成矿时代及地质意义

为确定辽宁青城子矿集区金、银的成矿时代 ,分别以含金硅化岩和含银网脉状石英晶体内流体包裹体为对象 ,应用Rb_Sr法测得金、银成矿的等时线年龄为 (2 33± 31)Ma～ (2 34± 14 )Ma ;作为对Rb_Sr法测年结果的验证 ,又以与贵金属矿石矿物共生的热液石英为对象 ,用40 Ar/3 9Ar快中子活化法测得坪年龄tp=(2 38.78± 0 .74 )Ma～ (2 38.80± 0 .6 0 )Ma,等时线年龄ti=(2 39.4 6± 1.13)Ma～ (2 4 0 .35± 0 .88)Ma。Rb_Sr和40 Ar/3 9Ar两种方法的测年结果基本一致 ,与本区印支期岩浆活动时代〔2 17.6Ma～ (2 30 .7± 5 )Ma〕吻合。     

塔里木盆地塔中32井中上奥陶统内潮汐沉积

塔里木盆地塔中32井的中、上奥陶统钻遇厚度为1 462 m。它是一套巨厚的深灰色泥岩、页岩与灰色砂岩、粉砂岩互层夹少量灰岩的地层。其中深灰色泥岩、页岩最多；砂岩和粉砂岩主要分布于上部和下部，中部砂岩和粉砂岩较少；鲕粒灰岩数量少，主要夹于深灰色泥页岩中。这些砂岩和鲕粒灰岩既可单独成层，但更常见它们与深灰色泥页岩组合成薄互层。薄互层中发育脉状、波状和透镜状层理，并普遍发育交错层理和双向交错纹理。这些特征表明砂岩和鲕粒灰岩为深水斜坡上的内潮汐沉积的产物。这些内潮汐沉积进一步划分为4种类型：双向交错纹理细砂岩型、单向交错层和双向交错纹理中-细砂岩型、韵律性砂泥岩薄互层型和鲕粒灰岩型。它们具有5种垂向沉积层序，在剖面上常形成多旋回韵律性沉积组合。     

河南濮阳西水坡新石器时代遗址瓣鳃类动物群的生态环境分析

河南濮阳西水坡新石器时代遗址出土的瓣鳃类共有33种，其中31种组成了Lamprotula-Cuneopsis-Unio组合，称为西水坡丽蚌动物群，其时代为中全新世早期。据贝壳14C测年资料（6 465±45 a BP）和同层出土的陶器特征， 为仰韶文化早期（7 000～6 000 a BP）。该动物群与长江中,下游流域洞庭湖、鄱阳湖和太湖及其周围水域的现代丽蚌动物群组合特征非常接近，同属东洋界、中印亚界动物地理区， 亚热带湿热气候。根据该动物群反映的生态环境，仰韶文化早期该地区的古环境地处亚热带，气候湿热，雨量充沛，草木茂盛，河流成网，湖泊遍野，水质优良，水生生物丰富，优越的自然环境为先民提供了从事农耕、渔猎的生栖条件。     

泥盆纪最早期牙形刺带化石在蒙古南戈壁幕使盖(Mushgai)地区"尕屋(Gavuu)"段的首次发现

在蒙古南戈壁的Bayan—Khoshuu Ruins剖面原归入到志留系Mandalovoo组尕屋(Gavuu)段的地层中发现了牙形刺Caudicriodus woschimidti woschmidti，这是泥盆纪最早期牙形刺带化石在蒙古的首次发现。尕屋(Gavuu)段的下部属志留系，但其上部，即采集牙形刺样品M-9～M-12的层位肯定属下泥盆统(下洛霍考夫阶)，而不是下志留统。Mandalovoo组应当改为Mandalovoo群，它的三个段应提升为三个组。     

大同地区早中生代煌斑岩—碳酸岩岩墙群

大同地区密集分布的岩墙群由基性－超基性煌斑岩和碳酸岩组成，侵入石炭－二叠纪煤层中。与地层的接触关系和Rb-Sr,K-Ar同位素年代学数据表明墙群的侵位于晚三叠世。Sr,Nd同位素比值显示，碳酸岩和煌斑岩都来源于壳幔混合型岩浆源区。稳定元素比值和相容，不相容元素同等富集则表明是碳酸岩和硅酸盐混合的原始母岩浆液态不混熔的产物。 岩墙群形成的地质条件和构造背景表明，它们是在伸展构造背景下，受到不同级别的构造控制，大同岩墙群的研究对进一步认识华北早中生代岩石圈演化有重要的意义。     

青海北祁连区中三叠世孢粉的发现及其意义

祁连县俄博乡土圈沟、大擦汗沟、柯柯里等剖面的粉砂岩、砂质页岩、泥质页岩岩层之中，首次发现丰富的孢粉化石，计39属74种(其中包括1新种)，疑源类8属9种。推出Verrucosisporites(8．6％)-Triadispora(2％)-Trematosphaeridium(7．2％)的孢粉组合。该孢粉组合面貌应归于中三叠世Anisian期。它的发现为该套地层的进一步研究与合理归属提供了最新成果。