Evaluation and classification of seawater corrosiveness by environmental factors

According to the data of main environmental factors and the depth of localized corrosion of carbon steel and low alloy steels in China seas, combined with the result of grey interrelation analysis, double-factor method was proposed to evaluate and classify seawater corrosiveness. According to the temperature of seawater and the biologically adhesive area on steels, the corrosiveness of seawater from low to high level is classified into five levels （C l-C5）, which was identified by the data of corrosion depth of carbon steel immersed in water for one year.     

Advances in the Marine Photochemistry of Some Important Transition Metal Elements

1　Introduction　Historically ,thestudyoflightintheoceanshasbeeninvolvedprimarilyintwothemes :therolelightplaysinmarinelivesanditskeycontrolofprimaryproductivity .Consequently ,thephotochemicalinter actionofsunlightwithseawaterconstituentsandtheresultingenvironmentalconsequenceshasbecomeanimportantstudythemeinthefieldofmarinesciences .Currently ,investigationsinmarine photochemistrymainlyinclude (1)examinationofthenatureandre activityofthechromophoresfoundinthedissolvedor ganicmatterinseawater…     

能量约束下的同化混染与分离结晶作用模型(EC-AFC)在超镁铁质岩浆演化过程中的应用——以含铜镍硫化物矿床的四川力马河岩体为例

除极少数情况外,岩浆的演化过程基本为开放体系.AFC模型(同化混染+分离结晶)是模拟岩浆演化过程的经典方法.事实上,岩浆演化过程不仅和围岩有物质交换还存在能量的交换,因此由Spera和Bohrson提出的能量约束下的开放系统岩浆演化过程的同化混染与分离结晶(EC-AFC)模型更加符合地质实际,本文介绍了该模型的方法,在此基础上,以含铜镍矿床的四川力马河岩体为例,运用EC-AFC模型模拟该岩体的岩浆演化过程.结果表明,EC-AFC模型能很好的模拟该岩体的开放系统中岩浆演化过程;Sr同位素的EC-AFC模拟曲线表明岩浆很可能在中下地壳发生混染,岩浆与发生混染的围岩在成分上都具有不均一性.     

新疆北山地区坡十镁铁-超镁铁岩体的岩石学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

新疆北山地区的坡十镁铁-超镁铁岩体在钻孔剖面上主要由辉长岩、纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩组成,各岩相在矿物含量上具有渐变过渡的关系,主要组成矿物橄榄石、单斜辉石和尖晶石的化学成分显示系统的变化,而底部的二辉橄榄岩中的矿物成分具有“边缘反转”现象.这些特征表明坡十岩体的形成主要受结晶分异作用控制,亦有明显的壳源混染痕迹.以反应边形式出现在辉石边部的角闪石的出现,尖晶石的分解现象,以及角闪石和金云母化学成分剖面上的系统变化揭示该岩体经历了堆晶后自上而下程度减弱的蚀变反应.在早期结晶的矿物相(橄榄石和尖晶石)中发现有硫化物颗粒或细脉产出,表明在岩浆演化的早期阶段确实发生了硫化物熔离的现象.硫化物总与含水矿物(金云母)或蚀变矿物(角闪石和蛇纹石)相伴生的特点显示铜镍硫化物的形成和沉淀不仅与壳源混染有关,而且也与堆晶后的蚀变反应密切相关.     

Population dynamics of marine ciliate Euplotes vannus (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in different artificial seawaters

To study population dynamics of marine ciliates in different artificial seawaters (ASW), the population growth dynamics of a common marine ciliate Euplotes vannus were investigated using beef extract media and rice media for five types of ASW and natural seawater (NSW). The results show that: (1) the population growth rate was in the order of NSW>Flack ASW>Nakamula ASW>Schmadz ASW>Oshima ASW>Subow ASW and was considerably higher in rice media than in beef extract media (apart from Subow ASW); (2) the maximum density of E. vannus in stationary phase in each treatment was ranked as Flack ASW>Nakamula ASW>Schmadz ASW>NSW>Oshima ASW>Subow ASW, and was again higher in rice media than in beef extract media (except for Subow ASW); (3) the exponential and stationary phases were longer in rice media than in beef extract media; (4) strains of E. vannus that had been domesticated for >1 year in ASW grew significantly slower, with lower maximum density and longer stationary phase than those isolated and maintained in NSW. It was demonstrated that: (1) E. vannus may grow well in Flack, Nakamula and Schmads ASW compared with NSW (mainly in terms of growth rate); and (2) Oshima ASW is the preferred choice for stock cultures of E. vannus, but the ASWs Flack, Nakamula and Schmadz are preferred for mass culture. These findings suggest that these three ASWs are effective for the cultivation of marine protozoa for experimental studies on ecology, toxicology and molecular biology.     

Photochemical oxidation of dimethylsulfide in seawater

Dimethylsulfide(DMS) is generally thought to be lost from the surface oceans by evasion into the atmosphere as well as consumption by microbe.However,photochemical process might be important in the removal of DMS in the oceanic photic zone.A kinetic investigation into the photochemical oxidation of DMS in seawater was performed.The photo-oxidation rates of DMS were influenced by various factors including the medium,dissolved oxygen,photosensitizers,and heavy metal ions.The photo-oxidation rates of DMS were higher in seawater than in distilled water,presumably due to the effect of salinity existing in seawater.Three usual photosensitizers(humic acid,fulvic acid and anthroquinone),especially in the presence of oxygen,were able to enhance the photo-oxidation rate of DMS,with the fastest rate observed with anthroquinone.Photo-oxidation of DMS followed first order reaction kinetics with the rate constant ranging from 2.5×10-5 to 34.3×10-5 s-1.Quantitative analysis showed that approximately 32% of the photochemically removed DMS was converted to dimethylsulfoxide.One of the important findings was that the presence of Hg2 could markedly accelerate the photo-oxidation rate of DMS in seawater.The mechanism of mercuric catalysis for DMS photolysis was suggested according to the way of CTTM(charge transfer to metal) of DMS-Hg2 complex.     

安徽月山岩体的40Ar/39Ar年龄及与其有关的成矿时代估计

安徽月山岩体是长江中下游钢铁成矿带中的一个重要含矿岩体.我们对该岩体的角闪石和黑云母进行了⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄测定.角闪石的未扰动年龄谱给出岩体侵位年龄为136Ma.根据黑云母的扰动年龄谱,估计岩体从浸位到矿化（晚期热液作用）的时间间隔不少于9Ma.月山岩体的年龄测定结果以及前人对长江中下游其它含铜岩体的年龄测定结果表明,该区所有铜矿化岩体均形成于136Ma前,且产出于沿江构造单元内.此外,月山岩体的研究还表明,对中酸性岩的年龄测定,封闭温度高的角闪石是较理想的样品,在解释与矿化有关或热液作用发育的岩体的黑云母K-Ar结果时,必须持慎重态度.     

Investigations of natural and artificial radioactive isotopes in seawater and sediments in the Yellow Sea and adjacent southeast area

Investigations of natural and artificial radioisotopes including 90Sr,137Cs, gross B and U carried out in the Yellow Sea and adjacent southeast area in 1963. 1964, 1975 and 1978 showed that radioactive pollution by 90Sr and 137Cs from atmospheric fallout had gradually decreased with time due to the cessation of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the 70s. The distributions of natural and artificial radioactive isotopes (U, Ra, Th. 40K and 137Cs) in sediments southwest of Jizhou Island were uniform. The more uniform may be related to the soluble species of U[Uo2(CO3)4] in the seawater.The high value of Th at stations 3 and 6 was related to the sandy clay sediment; the low value at station 8 was related to sandy sediment. The content of 137Cs in the eddy area being less than about half of that in the China inshore area showed that the source of Cs may be insufficient orthat the conditions for enriching " Cs in the circulation eddy area were not favorable.     

滇西兰坪盆地莲花山岩体成因与构造意义:岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

沿金沙江-哀牢山古特提斯缝合带两侧发育的巨型新生代陆内钾质岩浆岩带一直是地质学界关注的热点,其西侧的印支地块钾质岩浆岩尚缺乏深入探讨,制约着对钾质岩浆岩带成因的理解以及对印支地块深部壳幔物质结构的认识。本研究选取的莲花山岩体位于印支地块北部的兰坪盆地东南端,依次对其开展系统的岩相学、元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学以及Hf同位素研究。结果显示,岩体主要由石英二长斑岩组成,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果制约岩体侵位时代在~34Ma。岩石样品具有富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=9.0%~9.2%)、高K(K_2O/Na_2O=1.0~1.2)特征,属钾玄岩浆系列;富集Th和U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素,轻稀土元素富集((La/Yb)N=22~24)。综合反映莲花山钾质岩浆岩系由大洋板片俯冲作用造成的富集源区的部分熔融作用而产生。锆石εHf(t)在+1.4~+4.6,集中在+2.8~+4.0,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1027~815Ma,集中在934~860Ma。岩体集中的锆石εHf(t)值和缺乏继承锆石的特征,说明岩浆岩上侵过程中未受到围岩的混染。目前已知的印支地块东部自新元古代以来(1000Ma)经历的俯冲作用仅有金沙江-哀牢山古特提斯洋二叠纪(ca.290~250Ma)西向俯冲,莲花山岩体锆石具有的新元古代Hf同位素地壳模式年龄反映古特提斯洋板片俯冲过程有陆源沉积物质加入地幔中,该认识与岩石Nb/U比值(1.3~4.7)所反映的加入地幔的俯冲物质属性一致。莲花山岩体和其西侧同期卓潘钾质杂岩体与扬子西缘钾质岩体群同属金沙江-哀牢山钾质岩浆岩带的组成部分,它们由始新世时期古特提斯缝合带加厚岩石圈拆沉作用导致的软流圈热上涌而诱发。该构造-热事件影响的空间范围可能较传统认为的更大,其向西远涉至印支地块内部,从而导致了莲花山和卓潘等岩体的形成。     

Impact of hurricanes storm surges on the groundwater resources

Ocean surges onto coastal lowlands caused by tropical and extra tropical storms, tsunamis, and sea level rise affect all coastal lowlands and present a threat to drinking water resources of many coastal residents. In 2005, two such storms, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Gulf Coast of the US. Since September 2005, water samples have been collected from water wells impacted by the hurricanes’ storm surges along the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in southeastern Louisiana. The private and public water wells tested were submerged by 0.6–4.5 m of surging saltwater for several hours. The wells’ casing and/or the associated plumbing were severely damaged. Water samples were collected to determine if storm surge water inundated the well casing and, if so, its effect on water quality within the shallow aquifers of the Southern Hills Aquifer System. In addition, the samples were used to determine if the impact on water quality may have long-term implication for public health. Laboratory testing for several indicator parameters (Ca/Mg, Cl/Si, chloride, boron, specific conductance and bacteria) indicates that surge water entered water wells’ casing and the screened aquifer. Analysis of the groundwater shows a decrease in the Ca/Mg ratio right after the storm and then a return toward pre-Katrina values. Chloride concentrations were elevated right after Katrina and Rita, and then decreased downward toward pre-Katrina values. From September 2005 to June 2006, the wells showed improvement in all the saltwater intrusion indicators.