提高(CINRAD/CD)天气雷达业务质量经验浅谈

本文基于气象观测质量体系,通过新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/CD）观测、维护、维修及标定等过程,结合实际观测及技术保障工作中总结到的经验与技巧,关注一些易于被人忽视的细节,减少雷达异常现象出现的次数,减少雷达元数据出现异常的几率,努力实现雷达数据资料的可靠、完整、及时与真实,提高天气雷达的业务质量。     

基于TRMM/PR的长江下游地基雷达一致性订正

不同雷达观测相同目标的反射率因子差异会影响雷达组网应用效果,对无波束阻挡的X波段雷达而言,这种差异主要由雷达定标偏差和信号衰减引起,其中衰减包含降水导致的衰减以及天线罩水膜导致的衰减。为了订正定标偏差、天线罩水膜衰减以及降水衰减,设计了一个基于相控阵雷达组网的订正方法。首先,将天线罩水膜导致的衰减看作定标偏差的一部分,使用组网衰减订正算法做初次衰减订正;然后,通过构建一个雷达网观测偏差函数,使用梯度下降法求解各雷达之间的定标偏差;最后,将订正了定标偏差的原始反射率因子再次使用组网衰减订正算法进行二次衰减订正。对上述订正方法,用于广东省佛山市7部X波段相控阵天气雷达探测的一次冷空气降水过程进行检验。结果显示,传统的PIA (Path-integrated attenuation)算法订正结果与广州S波段天气雷达观测结果相关系数为0.53,均方根误差为9.0 dB, 而该算法这两项数值分别为0.64和8.4 dB,优于PIA;在台风外围的局地强降水过程中也得到了相同的结论。

     

南极长城站验潮站数据处理和潮汐特点初步分析

继在南极中山站建成我国南极首个永久性验潮站后,2012年1月在南极长城站又建成了我国南极第二个永久性验潮站。通过对长城站验潮站相关数据进行分析处理,得到了验潮基准系统的水准网平差结果和验潮仪零点标定结果,以及长城站附近海域海洋潮汐170个分潮的调和常数,并据此进行了潮汐预报,同时分析了长城站潮汐余水位的变化特征,探讨了利用附近的Antarctic Base Prat验潮站的余水位改正长城站潮汐预报的可行性,结果表明使用Antarctic Base Prat验潮站余水位改正长城站潮汐预报,可以显著提高长城站验潮站潮汐预报的精度,余水位改正后2014时段的潮汐预报中误差为±3.42 cm,明显好于改正前的预报中误差±10.43 cm。     

南极测绘中小像幅航片的区域网平差

本文介绍了用日产 Bronika SQ- A1 2 0型非量测相机对东南极拉斯曼丘陵 1 :40 0 0 0摄影比例尺小像幅航片进行加密的情况。通过用武汉测绘科技大学研制的联合平差程序 Wu CAPS软件的带附加参数的光束法区域网平差获得了实地上平面± 2 .82 9m,高程± 4.973 m的加密精度。文中还分析了若干精度问题 ,所得结论对今后的进一步研究将有所裨益     

MARS:A TUTORIAL

This tutorial paper presents a simplified view of one of the more recently published multivariatecalibration methods particularly suited to dealing with non-linear data sets.The method is referred toas MARS and stands for multivariate adaptive regression splines.Simple examples are provided toexplain the workings of the method.     

锂离子选择电极的研究 Ⅲ.：开链聚醚三（二环己酰胺）锂电极的制备和应用

以合成的开链聚醚三(二环己酰胺)等中性载体制成了PVC膜Li~+电极,研究了载体结构、膜成分与电极性能的关系,在聚醚三酰胺的胺基中,以环己基取代直链的烷基,显著地改善了Li~+—载体的性能,以邻苯二甲酸二癸酯或其和二苄醚混合增塑的1,1,1—三[1′—(2′—氧杂—3′—二环己胺基羰基)丙基]丙烷Li~+—电极的线性响应范围为2×10~(-5)～10~(-1)mol/L LiCl,K_(Li+Na)~(pot)～8×10~(-3),以Mg(Ac)_2为离子强度调节缓冲剂,用标准比较法或样品加入法测定了LiCl—HCl—H_2O或LiCl—MgCl_2—HCl—H_2O体系中的Li~+,LiCl含量≥2％的样品,测定误差≤5％。     

On the age calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale

Knowledge of the age of undated events is not null if a time-order relationship can be found among these events. The knowledge of such a time-ordered sequence can be formalized by using non-informative (uniform) prior probability densities for the ages of undated events and Bayes' theorem to introduce the time-order relationship condition. We show that the conditional probability densities of the ages of events of unknown age are given by various forms of Euler's beta distribution. These distributions yield an estimate of the probability for an undated event to occur in a given age interval.
  We use this method to propose appropriate probabilistic representations of our actual knowledge of the dating of the magnetic polarity reversals during the Cenozoic. These representations take into account the uncertainties arising from irregularities in accretion process and from the quality of a few calibration points. Both types of uncertainties generate large ambiguities in the age of magnetic reversals, which should be taken into consideration when the geomagnetic polarity timescale is used for dating purposes. We propose to use the entropy function to quantify these ambiguities.     

树轮长年表在全球变化相关领域中的应用研究进展-以14C曲线校正、环境考古和地质灾害事件定年为例

近几十年树轮年代学得到了迅速发展,现已成功建立了大量长度逾千年的树轮长年表。本文评述树轮长年表在全球变化相关研究领域中的应用。树轮长年表可为¹⁴C定年提供校准曲线,从而将样本的¹⁴C年龄转化为日历年龄,提高了¹⁴C测年的精度;也可为环境考古如古木建筑及墓葬等提供定年服务,确定古木构建筑的建造年代;树轮长年表在地质灾害事件定年方面也发挥了重要作用。然而,树轮长年表在上述研究领域的应用也存在不足,最新的国际¹⁴C会议公布的¹⁴C校正曲线中能够准确定年的树轮校正部分仅为过去12 410年,目前尚无法提供更长时间尺度的树轮校正曲线。在对木构建筑进行定年时受到古木样本量不足的限制等。因此,为了更好地发挥树轮长年表的应用潜力,应不断发掘与延长现有树轮宽度长年表,同时建立长年表的C、O同位素序列,以期为长年表的应用不断做出贡献。     

Calibration method affects the measured δ2H and δ18O in soil water by direct H2Oliquid–H2Ovapour equilibration with laser spectroscopy

The direct H₂O_liquid–H₂O_vapour equilibration method utilizing laser spectroscopy (DVE-LS) is a way to measure soil pore water stable isotopes. Various equilibration times and calibration methods have been used in DVE-LS. Yet little is known about their effects on the accuracy of the obtained isotope values. The objective of this study was to evaluate how equilibration time and calibration methods affect the accuracy of DVE-LS. We did both spiking and field soil experiments. For the spiking experiment, we applied DVE-LS to four soils of different textures, each of which was subjected to five water contents and six equilibration times. For the field soil experiment, we applied three calibration methods for DVE-LS to two field soil profiles, and the results were compared with cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD)-LS. Results showed that DVE-LS demonstrated higher δ²H and δ¹⁸O as equilibration time increased, but 12 to 24 hr could be used as optimal equilibration time. For field soil samples, DVE-LS with liquid waters as standards led to significantly higher δ²H and δ¹⁸O than CVD-LS, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 8.06‰ for δ²H and 0.98‰ for δ¹⁸O. Calibration with soil texture reduced RMSE to 3.53‰ and 0.72‰ for δ²H and δ¹⁸O, respectively. Further, calibration with both soil texture and water content decreased RMSE to 3.10‰ for δ²H and 0.73‰ for δ¹⁸O. Our findings conclude that the calibration method applied may affect the measured soil water isotope values from DVE-LS.     

Probabilistic calibration of a coupled hydro-mechanical slope stability model with integration of multiple observations

Multiple types of responses, such as displacements, ground water level, pore water pressures, water contents, etc., are usually measured in comprehensive monitoring programmes for rainfall-induced landslide prevention. In this study, a probabilistic calibration method for coupled hydro-mechanical modelling of slope stability is presented with integration of multiple types of measurements. A numerical example of a soil slope under rainfall infiltration is illustrated to compare the effects of single and multiple types of responses on parameter estimation and model calibration. The results show that the soil parameters can be estimated with less uncertainty and total uncertainty bounds are narrower with multiple types of responses than with a single type of response. Model calibration based on multiple types of responses can compromise different responses and hence the means and standard deviations of model error are the smallest. A feasible correlation coefficient between soil modulus and permeability can be obtained from model calibration with multiple types of responses and single type of response as long as the responses include displacement data.