Monitoring wetland ditch water levels in the North Kent Marshes,UK, using Landsat TM imagery and ground-based measurements

Abstract

An understanding of hydrology is a prerequisite for ensuring the successful management, conservation and restoration of wetland environments. Frequently, however, little is known about historical hydrological conditions, such as water levels, within wetlands. Moreover, many channel and ditch systems in wetlands are not routinely monitored, except perhaps for research purposes. A methodology is presented herein which makes use of satellite imagery to indirectly provide remotely sensed observations of water levels within channels and ditches. Using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and simultaneous ground-based measurements of water levels, statistical relationships are established between satellite-derived effective wet ditch widths and measured water levels in the drainage system of the Elmley Marshes, southeast England. These relationships can be used subsequently to estimate historical ditch water levels and to monitor contemporary ditch water levels in the wetland. The study shows that satellite imagery has much to offer in monitoring changes in the hydrological regime of wetlands and in providing complimentary approaches to field monitoring.     

Probabilistic calibration of a distributed hydrological model for flood forecasting

Abstract

The complexity of distributed hydrological models has led to improvements in calibration methodologies in recent years. There are various manual, automatic and hybrid methods of calibration. Most use a single objective function to calculate estimation errors. The use of multi-objective calibration improves results, since different aspects of the hydrograph may be considered simultaneously. However, the uncertainty of estimates from a hydrological model can only be taken into account by using a probabilistic approach. This paper presents a calibration method of probabilistic nature, based on the determination of probability functions that best characterize different parameters of the model. The method was applied to the Real-time Interactive Basin Simulator (RIBS) distributed hydrological model using the Manzanares River basin in Spain as a case study. The proposed method allows us to consider the uncertainty in the model estimates by obtaining the probability distributions of flows in the flood hydrograph.

Citation Mediero, L., Garrote, L. & Martín-Carrasco, F. J. (2011) Probabilistic calibration of a distributed hydrological model for flood forecasting. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(7), 1129–1149.     

Prediction and modelling of rainfall–runoff during typhoon events using a physically-based and artificial neural network hybrid model

Abstract

The accurate prediction of hourly runoff discharge in a watershed during heavy rainfall events is of critical importance for flood control and management. This study predicts n-h-ahead runoff discharge in the Sandimen basin in southern Taiwan using a novel hybrid approach which combines a physically-based model (HEC-HMS) with an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Hourly runoff discharge data (1200 datasets) from seven heavy rainfall events were collected for the model calibration (training) and validation. Six statistical indicators (i.e. mean absolute error, root mean square error, coefficient of correlation, error of time to peak discharge, error of peak discharge and coefficient of efficiency) were employed to evaluate the performance. In comparison with the HEC-HMS model, the single ANN model, and the time series forecasting (ARMAX) model, the developed hybrid HEC-HMS–ANN model demonstrates improved accuracy in recursive n-h-ahead runoff discharge prediction, especially for peak flow discharge and time.     

福建测震台网各种类型地震计脉冲标定结果统计与分析

以福建省测震台网现有地震计种类的相关参数为基础,介绍各种地震计使用“十五”标定系统时需设置的脉冲标定参数的计算过程.通过分析“十五”标定系统应用以来的相关处理结果,总结各种类型地震计周期、阻尼、灵敏度的影响因素,从一定程度上反映相关类型地震计的稳定性能.     

微震监测系统标定信号的应用

徐州矿务集团有限公司三河尖煤矿建立了覆盖全矿井的KZ-1型微震监测系统,通过地面监测主机向井下各测站发时间同步校时信号,用GPS秒号起始去同步各个测站下位机时钟,保证了各测站之间相对时间精确度.KZ-1型微震监测系统的拾震器设置了双换能器,且各有一个独立的磁回路,通过地面监测主机向拾震器标定换能器发标定指令信号,信号检测换能器再将输出信号上传至监测主机,实现了即时定量标定.标定信号的应用使KZ-1型微震监测系统具备整个系统检测功能,包括灵敏度、频响特征以及各测站的时间同步误差.     

利用自洽方程计算法分析天山中段分量钻孔应变资料可靠性

根据天山中段8套四分量钻孔应变仪观测资料,利用自洽方程计算应变观测的信度,用信度指标检验数据的可靠性,从而进一步用自洽方程计算实际各元件灵敏度的相对大小,并用相对标定的结果,对观测数据进行校正。结果表明:①石场、巴仑台、巴音沟、雀儿沟、榆树沟和库米什台经过校正后,数据观测信度有了明显提升,其中石场和雀儿沟台的数据信度最高;②库米什台校正前数据观测信度较高,因个别“坏点”影响,校正后,观测信度反而下降;③小泉沟和新源台数据信度较低,存在从自洽到失洽的情况,分析认为这可能与系统自身存在问题有关,也有可能是前兆异常,有待进一步研究。     

VP宽频带倾斜仪现场自动校准装置设计

为了对VP宽频带倾斜仪进行现场校准,设计了一款基于单片机AT89C51的新型现场自动校准装置。经验证该装置在+8V激励电压情况下与高精度激光干涉仪结合使用,其校准相对误差为0.36%,满足小于1%的校准相对误差要求。     

地震监测氡观测仪器校准新方法研究

利用国际刻度参考装置AlphaGUARD测氡仪及水氡测量组件, 使用水中溶解氡(或豁免级氡气源), 开展代替目前氡气固体源校准方法实验。 对FD-125测氡仪标配的3个闪烁室(1#、 3#及5#)分别使用水中溶解氡和氡气固体源进行校准实验, 3个闪烁室的校准K值相对误差分别为5.06%, 1.92%及2.76%, 可以达到目前地震监测氡观测技术要求。 实验结果表明, 水中溶解氡代替氡气固体源校准, 可以解决目前氡气固体源校准中存在的运输困难、 维修技术要求高等问题, 是今后氡观测仪器校准技术的发展趋势。     

设计反应谱标定方法的研究现状与讨论

设计反应谱及其标定方法的研究是工程抗震研究领域的基本问题之一。在现有研究成果的基础上,归纳和总结了设计反应谱及其标定方法的研究历史和现状;评述了研究进程中的若干节点问题;介绍了设计反应谱的标定原理和当前几种有代表性的设计反应谱的标定方法;分析了设计反应谱标定参数的影响因素。在此基础上,对设计反应谱及其标定方法研究中的强震资料积累问题、谱形状问题、标定参数的确定问题以及标定方法等问题进行了讨论并提出了改进和进一步研究的建议。     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.