三种遥感反演海岸线方法的实验对比分析

在分析海岸线提取算法基础上,以环渤海的Landsat7 ETM+影像为数据源,以基岩海岸线和淤泥质海岸线两种典型的海岸线为研究对象,采用Sobel边缘检测算法、阈值分割法和K最邻近分类算法进行海岸线提取实验。通过实验对比分析,归纳和总结了针对不同类型海岸线提取算法的适用性。     

气温对太湖蓝藻复苏和休眠进程的影响

利用2005 2014年每日的卫星数据、气象站和浮标站观测资料研究复苏期和休眠期的平均气温、稳定通过界限温度初终日、周有效积温与太湖蓝藻休眠和复苏时间的关系,探讨气温是否是影响蓝藻休眠和复苏时间进程的关键因子.分析结果显示:太湖蓝藻复苏早晚与春季(3 5月)气温密切相关,春季气温越高,蓝藻复苏时间越早;太湖蓝藻休眠时间与秋、冬季(11次年1月)气温密切相关,秋、冬季气温越高,蓝藻休眠时间越晚.此外根据分析结果发现,太湖首次出现蓝藻水华的时间一般是气温稳定通过9℃初日之后的1个月左右,但上一周期的休眠与下一周期的复苏之间气温异常偏高会导致蓝藻水华首次出现时间早于稳定通过9℃初日;最后一次蓝藻水华出现时间与气温稳定通过4℃的终日相近;在复苏期,湖水中的叶绿素a浓度随周有效积温变化而变化,二者相关系数为0.9.     

One‐dimensional consolidation with a threshold gradient: a Stefan problem with rate‐dependent latent heat

During the process of one‐dimensional consolidation with a threshold gradient, the seepage front moves downward gradually, and the problem is indicated as a Stefan problem. The novel feature in this Stefan problem is a latent heat that varies inversely with the rate of the moving boundary. An exact solution for the external load that increases in proportion to the square root of time is constructed using the similarity transformation technique. Computational examples concerning the effect of different parameters on the motion of the seepage front are presented. The exact solution provides a worthwhile benchmark for verifying the accuracy of numerical and approximate methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of the threshold method to air quality data

A new threshold method is explained in a manner suitable for workers in the general scientific area. Its application to the prediction of extreme pollutant concentrations is described and the results are compared with those of a conventional procedure, using a set of published data. A discussion concerning the difficulties of the presently used statistical technique is also included.     

南方海相地震资料脊波非线性阈值去噪方法

小波分析方法在数据处理中已得到成功广泛的应用,这主要得益于它的局部时频分析能力,但是小波分析对方向的表征能力有限。脊波变换具备优越的方向选择性能,能更好地处理含有线状变化特征的信号。本文针对低信噪比地震记录,尝试研究利用脊波变换方法对其进行处理,提高剖面资料信噪比,突出同相轴信息。在对南方某油田的实际地震资料的处理中,可以发现处理后的地震剖面同相轴品质及连续性有了明显改善,信噪比增强,分辨率相应提高,体现出了该方法相对常规小波分析方法的优越性。     

An extreme value analysis of the flow of Burbage Brook

An extreme value analysis of the flow of Burbage Brook is carried out by modelling peaks over a high threshold. The aims are to illustrate recently developed statistical techniques and to report on interesting features of the flow of the brook over a 58-year period. Peak flows are found to show marked seasonal variation and a downward trend. Then-year return level is estimated for various values ofn, and the reliability of the estimates is assessed.     

Gullying and erosion control at archaeological sites in Grand Canyon,Arizona

Gully erosion of cultural sites in Grand Canyon National Park is an urgent management problem that has intensified in recent decades, potentially related to the effects of Glen Canyon Dam. We studied 25 gullies at nine sites in Grand Canyon over the 2002 monsoon–erosion season to better understand the geomorphology of the gully erosion and the effectiveness of erosion‐control structures (ECS) installed by the park under the direction of the Zuni Conservation Program. Field results indicate that Hortonian overland flow leads to concentrated flow in gullies and erosion focused at knickpoints along channels as well as at gully heads. Though groundcover type, soil shear strength and permeability vary systemat‐ically across catchments, gradient and, to a lesser degree, contributing drainage area seem to be the first‐order controls on gully extent, location of new knickpoints, and ECS damage. The installed ECS do reduce erosion relative to reaches without them and initial data suggest woody checkdams are preferable to rock linings, but maintenance is essential because damaged structures can exacerbate erosion. Topographic data from intensive field surveys and detailed photogrammetry provide slope–contributing area data for gully heads that have a trend consistent with previous empirical and theoretical formulations from a variety of landscapes. The same scaling holds below gully heads for knickpoint and ECS topographic data, with threshold coefficients the lowest for gully heads, slightly higher for knickpoints, and notably higher for damaged ECS. These topographic thresholds were used with 10‐cm digital elevation models to create simple predictive models for gully extent and structure damage. The model predictions accounted for the observed gullies but there are also many false‐positives. Purely topographical models are probably inadequate at this scale and application, but models that also parameterize the variable soil properties across sites would be useful for predicting erosion problems and ECS failure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lateral flow thresholds for aspen forested hillslopes on the Western Boreal Plain,Alberta, Canada

To predict the long‐term sustainability of water resources on the Boreal Plain region of northern Alberta, it is critical to understand when hillslopes generate runoff and connect with surface waters. The sub‐humid climate (P ≤ ET) and deep glacial sediments of this region result in large available soil storage capacity relative to moisture surpluses or deficits, leading to threshold‐dependent rainfall‐runoff relationships. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted using large magnitude and high intensity applications to examine the thresholds in precipitation and soil moisture that are necessary to generate lateral flow from hillslope runoff plots representative of Luvisolic soils and an aspen canopy. Two adjacent plots (areas of 2·95 and 3·4 m²) of contrasting antecedent moisture conditions were examined; one had tree root uptake excluded for two months to increase soil moisture content, while the second plot allowed tree uptake over the growing season resulting in drier soils. Vertical flow as drainage and soil moisture storage dominated the water balances of both plots. Greater lateral flow occurred from the plot with higher antecedent moisture content. Results indicate that a minimum of 15–20 mm of rainfall is required to generate lateral flow, and only after the soils have been wetted to a depth of 0·75 m (C‐horizon). The depth and intensity of rainfall events that generated runoff > 1 mm have return periods of 25 years or greater and, when combined with the need for wet antecendent conditions, indicate that lateral flow generation on these hillslopes will occur infrequently. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1951-2013年浙江热量资源变化研究

基于1951—2013年浙江71个常规气象站逐日气温资料和1971—2013年土温资料,采用M-K检验、气候倾向率等气候统计诊断方法,分析浙江地区气温、地温、农业界限温度等热量资源要素的变化规律及气候变化下浙江热量资源区划的年代际变化特征,以期为充分利用气候资源、优化农业结构和作物引种提供科学依据。研究结果表明：1）1951—2013年浙江四季和年平均气温变化幅度分别为0.24 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)、0.10 ℃·10a-1(P0.05)、0.14 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)、0.14 ℃·10a-1(P0.05)和0.18 ℃·10a-1(P0.05),突变起始年分别为1997、2005、2002、1993和1999年;2）1951—2013年浙江平均极端最高、最低气温的气候倾向率分别为0.10 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)和0.30 ℃·10a-1(P0.10);3）土温与农业密切相关,0—20 cm土温与日平均温度通过0.01显著性相关;4）气候变暖导致浙江农业界限温度(0 ℃、5 ℃、10 ℃、15 ℃、20 ℃)初日提前、终日延后、持续天数和积温增加,农业界限温度初日、终日、持续天数和积温的气候倾向率平均值分别为-3.2～-1.5 d·10a-1、0.3～1.6 d·10a-1、2.8～4.1 d·10a-1、95.7～107.3 ℃·d·10a-1;5）1951—2013年浙江初霜延迟、终霜提前、无霜期增加,初霜、终霜和无霜期气候倾向率平均为-3.62 d·10a-1、1.32 d·10a-1和4.97 d·10a-1;6）气候变暖导致浙江热量资源区划变化显著,2001—2010年淳安建德浦江义乌诸暨嵊州天台三门线以南地区≥10 ℃积温超过5600 ℃·d。     

海岛礁光学和雷达影像基于改进非子采样小波变换的自动配准

Homologous feature point extraction is a key problem in the optical and synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image registration for islands. A new feature point extraction method using a threshold shrink operator and non-subsampled wavelet transform （TSO-NSWT） for optical and SAR image registration was proposed. Moreover, the matching for this proposed feature was different from the traditional feature matching strategies and was performed using a similarity measure computed from neighborhood circles in low-frequency bands. Then, a number of reliably matched couples with even distributions were obtained, which assured the accuracy of the registration. Application of the proposed algorithm to SPOT-5 （multi-spectral） and YG-1 （SAR） images showed that a large number of accurately matched couples could be identified. Additionally, both of the root mean square error （RMSE） patterns of the registration parameters computed based on the TSO-NSWT algorithm and traditional NSWT algorithm were analyzed and compared, which further demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm can supply the crucial step for island image registration and island recognition.