Ocean-atmosphere momentum coupling in the Kuroshio Extension observed from space

Using a combination of Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), and Lagrangian drifter measurements, we demonstrate that wind data alone are not sufficient to derive ocean surface stress (momentum flux) over mid-latitude ocean fronts, specifically the Kuroshio Extension. There was no continuous and large-scale stress measurement over ocean until the launch of the scatterometers. Stress had been derived from winds through a drag coefficient, and our concept of stress distribution may be largely influenced by our knowledge of wind distribution. QuikSCAT reveals that the variability of stress could be very different from wind. The spatial coherence between the magnitude of stress and sea surface temperature (SST), between the divergence of surface stress and the downwind SST gradient, and between the vorticity of stress and crosswind SST gradient, are the inherent characteristics of stress (turbulence production by buoyancy) that would exist even under a uniform wind field. The coherence between stress vorticity and SST gradient is masked by the rotation of ocean currents over the Kuroshio meanders. Surface stress rotates in the opposite direction to surface currents because stress is the vector difference between wind and current. The results are in agreement with a previous study of the Agulhas Extension and confirm the unique stress measuring capability of the scatterometer.     

渐扩散水跃跃长的研究

首先通过对作用于渐扩散水跃的压力分析,阐述了渐扩散水跃跃长总比非扩散水跃跃长短的原理。在此理论基础上,考虑边墙扩散角的影响,建立了渐扩散水跃表面质点运动方程,并结合动量方程和连续方程,推导出渐扩散水跃跃长的半理论、半经验公式。同时,引入非扩散水跃跃长经验公式,使渐扩散水跃跃长公式大大简化。其次,对该理论的局限性进行了分析,得到了该公式的适用范围。在该范围内,该公式能较好地吻合实验结果,从而该理论得以证实。最后对各家渐扩散水跃跃长经验公式进行分析归类,并推荐工程适用公式,以便工程运用。     

The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part I: overview and energy balance

An overview of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) is given. This experiment studied the ability of state-of-the-art measurements to close the surface energy balance over a surface (a vegetative canopy with large evapotranspiration) where closure has been difficult to obtain. A flood-irrigated cotton field over uniform terrain was used, though aerial imagery and direct flux measurements showed that the surface still was inhomogeneous. All major terms of the surface energy balance were measured at nine sites to characterize the spatial variability across the field. Included in these observations was an estimate of heat storage in the plant canopy. The resultant imbalance still was 10%, which exceeds the estimated measurement error. We speculate that horizontal advection in the layer between the canopy top and our flux measurement height may cause this imbalance, though our estimates of this term using our measurements resulted in values less than what would be required to balance the budget. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation     

水汽螺旋度及其在一次江淮暴雨分析中的应用

构造了新的诊断量--水汽螺旋度,并对影响水汽螺旋度变化的因子做了分析.利用MM5模式输出资料对2003年7月4日的暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:水汽螺旋度与暴雨强度和暴雨落区都有较好的相关,螺旋度通量散度和湿螺旋散度对暴雨也有比较明显的指示作用,其中螺旋度通量散度对暴雨落区和强度的指示作用都很好,而湿螺旋散度与暴雨落区对应得稍差.     

单多普勒雷达径向风场反演散度场的一种新方法

为利用多普勒雷达的径向风速获得实际风场的信息,提出了一种由单多普勒雷达径向风场反演水平散度场的新方法。在二维平面内,以某个探测点为中心,建立一个分析面,在假设风场呈线性变化的前提下,直接由径向风速推导出此探测点的散度值。并对几种典型理想风场的散度场进行了反演试验,试验结果表明,反演的散度场与分析的散度场比较一致。并对反演场与分析场之间的差别进行了讨论。     

Divergence of turbulent fluxes in the surface layer: case of a coastal city

This study quantifies the processes that take place in the layer between the mean building height and the measurement level of an energy balance micrometeorological tower located in the dense old core of a coastal European city. The contributions of storage, vertical advection, horizontal advection and radiative divergence for heat are evaluated with the available measurements and with a three-dimensional, high-resolution meteorological simulation that had been evaluated against observations. The study focused on a summer period characterized by sea-breeze flows that affect the city. In this specific configuration, it appears that the horizontal advection is the dominant term. During the afternoon when the sea breeze is well established, correction of the sensible heat flux with horizontal heat advection increases the measured sensible heat flux up to 100 W m⁻². For latent heat flux, the horizontal moisture advection converted to equivalent latent heat flux suggests a decrease of 50 W m⁻². The simulation reproduces well the temporal evolution and magnitude of these terms.     

2006年1月漯河市暴雪天气过程的诊断分析

利用常规探空和地面资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对2006年1月漯河暴雪过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:高空阶梯槽的形成和维持,为这次强降雪过程提供了有利的环流背景,中低空低涡切变线是主要影响系统;冷平流的持续使近地面层气温降至0℃以下,有利于雪的形态维持;高层辐散与低层辐合的耦合,使上升运动加强;低空急流输送了充沛的水汽,大气中水汽处于饱和状态有利于提高降水的转化率。     

一种运用纹理和光谱特征消除投影差影响的建筑物变化检测方法

针对不同时期高分辨率遥感影像变化检测中城区建筑物因投影差差异所产生的误检测现象,提出了一种综合应用光谱和纹理特征的建筑物变化检测方法。以变化和未发生变化地物影像的散度作为可分性依据,首先对光谱差分影像在混合高斯密度模型下建模,并采用马尔可夫最小错误概率准则提取初始变化区域,往往含有错判的建筑物。然后将误判建筑物影像类和真实变化影像类构成训练集,通过引入多通道Gabor滤波器,提取训练集的纹理差分特征,并采用分类别PCA变换实施纹理差分特征的选择。最后对选择出的纹理差分特征依据高斯混合密度模型建模,并用马尔可夫最小错误概率提取真变化区域,即可去除光谱信息检测所产生的伪变化。试验表明,本文方法能够较好地解决建筑物变化的错判问题,提高了影像变化检测的精度。     

云南天文台激光测距系统激光特性参数的测量分析

通过激光光腰位置能量分布测量，在已知激光发散角的情况下，直接计算得到光腰半径、光束质量因子等重要参数，更加深入的分析了云台激光束情况，对于测距时激光发散角的控制具有重要意义。从激光能量分布的测量结果看，可把激光的最小发散角压缩到1“，达到大气视宁度水平，从而提高系统的极限测距能力。     

"98.7"连续暴雨过程诊断分析

给出了“９８．７”连续暴雨过程期间江西及其附近地区逐日物理量的绝对极大值,对这次连续暴雨过程的最强降水日进行了诊断分析。得到了盛夏季节连续暴雨的动力、水汽、稳定度等条件均明显强于江西雨季（４月至７月上旬）产生暴雨的相应条件。计算结果表明,螺旋度、Ｑ矢量散度在这次暴雨过程中与降水强弱有较好的对应关系。