圈闭地形内斜坡破坏的多期性和规律性

本文以黄河上游某拟建水电站坝址场地为例,论证了圈闭地形内斜坡破坏的多期性和规律性问题。在充分的野外调查和室内研究资料的基础上,将区内的斜坡破坏分为两期,即第一期为已经失稳的老滑坡群;第二期为发育在第一期滑坡群圈闭状破裂壁之后的正处于蠕动和破坏阶段的变形坡体,进而将第一期的滑坡分为两个强度次序。同时,还揭示了圈闭地形内斜坡破坏的规律性,即随着期和序次的增高,斜坡破坏面积增大,滑坡个数增多,规模减小,强度降低,滑距变短,滑体破碎程度变弱。最后指出,上述多期性和规律性应具有普遍性意义。     

Multiple Parameter Regularization: Numerical Solutions and Applications to the Determination of Geopotential from Precise Satellite Orbits

Kaula’s rule of thumb has been used in producing geopotential models from space geodetic measurements, including the most recent models from satellite gravity missions CHAMP. Although Xu and Rummel (Manuscr Geod 20 8–20, 1994b) suggested an alternative regularization method by introducing a number of regularization parameters, no numerical tests have ever been conducted. We have compared four methods of regularization for the determination of geopotential from precise orbits of COSMIC satellites through simulations, which include Kaula’s rule of thumb, one parameter regularization and its iterative version, and multiple parameter regularization. The simulation results show that the four methods can indeed produce good gravitational models from the precise orbits of centimetre level. The three regularization methods perform much better than Kaula’s rule of thumb by a factor of 6.4 on average beyond spherical harmonic degree 5 and by a factor of 10.2 for the spherical harmonic degrees from 8 to 14 in terms of degree variations of root mean squared errors. The maximum componentwise improvement in the root mean squared error can be up to a factor of 60. The simplest version of regularization by multiplying a positive scalar with a unit matrix is sufficient to better determine the geopotential model. Although multiple parameter regularization is theoretically attractive and can indeed eliminate unnecessary regularization for some of the harmonic coefficients, we found that it only improved its one parameter version marginally in this COSMIC example in terms of the mean squared error.     

Seismic characterization of reservoirs with multiple fracture sets using velocity and attenuation anisotropy data

Knowledge about the spatial distribution of the fracture density and the azimuthal fracture orientation can greatly help in optimizing production from fractured reservoirs. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data contain information about the fractures present in the reservoir. In this study, we use the measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuths to infer information about the multiple fracture sets present in the reservoir. We consider a reservoir model with two sets of vertical fractures characterized by unknown azimuthal fracture orientations and fracture densities. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data is computed using the effective viscoelastic stiffness tensor and solving the Christoffel equation. A Bayesian inversion method is then applied to measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuth to estimate the azimuthal fracture orientations and the fracture densities, as well as their uncertainties. Our numerical examples suggest that velocity anisotropy data alone cannot recover the unknown fracture parameters. However, an improved estimation of the unknown fracture parameters can be obtained by joint inversion of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data.     

相位编码多次波逆时偏移成像

随着勘探地质体复杂度日益增大, 反射波成像面临诸多挑战, 作为有潜力提升成像精度的重要补充或替代手段的多次波成像愈发受到重视.然而, 串扰噪声的产生阻碍了多次波成像的实际应用.近年来, 作为压制串扰噪声的有效技术之一, 可控阶多次波成像取得了较大研究进展, 但因其需重复计算各阶多次波成像结果, 计算成本昂贵.为此, 本文引入随机相位编码技术, 并与多次波分阶思想结合, 提出相位编码多次波逆时偏移方法: 首先, 对各阶多次波进行随机相位编码(含随机时间延迟与极性反转); 其次, 叠加编码后的各阶多次波, 产生多次波超道集; 最后, 以编码后0至(N-1)阶多次波组成的超道集为虚拟震源进行正向延拓, 同时反传编码后1至N阶多次波所组成的超道集, 并进行互相关, 得到各阶多次波联合成像结果.本文所提方法能够同步使用各阶多次波, 实现各阶多次波联合成像, 避免各阶多次波单独进行成像, 从而成倍提升计算效率.本文用两套模拟数据与一套实际数据算例对所提方法进行了测试, 成像结果验证了该方法的可行性、有效性与应用前景.

     

Pressure-specific and multiple pressure response of fish assemblages in European running waters

We classified homogenous river types across Europe and searched for fish metrics qualified to show responses to specific pressures (hydromorphological pressures or water quality pressures) vs. multiple pressures in these river types. We analysed fish taxa lists from 3105 sites in 16 ecoregions and 14 countries. Sites were pre-classified for 15 selected pressures to separate unimpacted from impacted sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to split unimpacted sites into four homogenous river types based on species composition and geographical location. Classification trees were employed to predict associated river types for impacted sites with four environmental variables. We defined a set of 129 candidate fish metrics to select the best reacting metrics for each river type. The candidate metrics represented tolerances/intolerances of species associated with six metric types: habitat, migration, water quality sensitivity, reproduction, trophic level and biodiversity. The results showed that 17 uncorrelated metrics reacted to pressures in the four river types. Metrics responded specifically to water quality pressures and hydromorphological pressures in three river types and to multiple pressures in all river types. Four metrics associated with water quality sensitivity showed a significant reaction in up to three river types, whereas 13 metrics were specific to individual river types. Our results contribute to the better understanding of fish assemblage response to human pressures at a pan-European scale. The results are especially important for European river management and restoration, as it is necessary to uncover underlying processes and effects of human pressures on aquatic communities.     

新型多支盘土锚的承载性能研究

多支盘锚杆是新近研发的新型锚杆,具有抗拔承载力高、鲁棒性强和灵活性强等优点。为了进一步掌握多支盘锚杆的抗拔承载性能,本文在多支盘锚杆室内模型试验研究基础上,开展了现场边坡锚固原型试验。结果表明,相较于普通锚杆,单支盘锚杆盘径从300 mm增大到500 mm时,抗拔承载力分别提高35.7%、50%、71.4%,变形控制能力也相应增强;在粉质黏土中,双支盘锚杆可以到达更大的抗拔承载力,支盘间距≥4倍支盘直径时更能充分发挥两个支盘的协同作用;随着支盘个数从1个增多到3个,多支盘锚杆锁紧的地层范围越大,多支盘锚杆的抗拔承载力及变形控制能力也相应增强;多支盘锚杆的荷载-位移关系符合双曲线模型,可以用于预测多支盘锚杆的承载力。研究成果可以为多支盘锚杆的工程应用奠定了较良好的理论基础。     

多源遥感影像深度识别模型对抗攻击鲁棒性评估

基于深度神经网络的多源遥感影像目标识别系统已逐步在空天遥感情报侦察、无人作战自主环境认知、多模复合末制导等多个军事场景中广泛应用。然而,由于深度学习理论上的不完备性、深度神经网络结构设计工程上的强复用性、以及多源成像识别系统在复杂电磁环境中易受到各类干扰等多因素的影响,使得现有识别系统在对抗攻击鲁棒性方面评估不足,存在极大安全隐患。本文首先从深度学习理论不完备性和识别系统攻击样式两个方面分析了潜在安全风险,并重点介绍了深度识别模型对抗样本攻击基本原理和典型方法。其次,针对光学遥感影像和SAR遥感影像两类典型数据形式,从鲁棒正确识别率和对抗攻击可解释性两个方面开展多源遥感影像深度识别模型对抗攻击鲁棒性评估,覆盖了9类常见深度识别网络架构和7类典型对抗样本攻击方法,验证了现有深度识别模型对抗攻击鲁棒性普遍不足的问题,分析了对抗样本与正常样本的多隐层特征激活差异,为下一步设计对抗样本检测算法和提升模型对抗鲁棒性提供参考。     

三维复杂山地多级次群推进迎风混合法多波型走时计算

三维复杂山地条件下的各种地震波型的走时计算技术,可以直接用于复杂山地区域地震波运动学特性的分析、地震数据采集观测系统的设计以及直接基于三维复杂地表的地震数据处理技术的研发.为了在三维复杂地表条件下准确、灵活且稳定地计算各种地震波型的走时,提出一种多级次群推进迎风混合法.该算法利用不等距迎风差分法简洁稳定地处理三维复杂地表及附近的局部走时计算问题,利用计算精度不错的迎风双线性插值法处理绝大部分均匀正方体网格中的局部走时计算问题,利用群推进法模拟三维复杂地表条件下地震波前的扩展问题,利用多级次算法处理各种类型的地震波的走时计算问题.算法分析和计算实例表明：新方法具有很好的计算精度与效率,且能灵活稳定地处理三维复杂地表复杂介质条件下的多波型走时计算问题.

     

随机地震动场激励下拱坝多点输入的抗震可靠度分析

本文首次将空间随机地震场输入用于拱坝随机振动分析之中，与拱坝三维动力学有限元法结合，完成了三维拱坝在空间随机地震动场作用下的随机振动分析方法及算法的研究，另外考虑动力和静力的叠加，提出了三维空间随机地震动场的拱坝抗震可靠度分析方法，最后编制了相应的程序，对小湾拱坝进行了抗震可靠度分析，并与随机变量的结果进行了比较。