Thermal cycle and its influence on the microstructure of laser welded butt joint of 8 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is extensively used in the manufacture of components in aviation. In the current study, the laser welding process is adopted to joint the Ti-6Al-4V alloy plate which has the thick of 8 mm. A three-dimensional finite element model is established to simulate the temperature distribution of laser welding process. The thermal cycle curves are produced on the strength of the simulation results. Meanwhile, the microstructure characteristics of the welded joint are investigated combined with simulation results. The results show that weld zone, heat affected zone and based metal experience similar thermal cycles process and the cooling rate has an important influence on the formation of microstructure. Moreover, the simulation results are well matched with experiment results.     

自噬在肾间质纤维化小鼠中的表达趋势

目的: 观察肾间质纤维化单侧输尿管梗阻模型（UUO）术后不同时间点自噬的表达趋势。方法: 32只清洁级健康雄性ICR小鼠随机分组：假手术（Sham）组、UUO模型（UUO）组,分别在 UUO术后 3、7、14 d 处死小鼠,假手术组7 d处死,每组小鼠8只。留取血清检测血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）,肾组织行HE和Masson染色,观察光镜病理结果,电镜超微结构观察自噬体的形成,Westernblot检测肾组织LC3蛋白和P62蛋白的表达。结果: UUO术后梗阻侧肾脏皮质变薄,小管萎缩,间质纤维化,单个核细胞浸润,肾小球无明显病变,病理变化以UUO术后14 d最突出。与Sham组相比,LC3-Ⅱ蛋白含量从3 d开始逐渐增高,7 d时达峰值,14 d时下降;而P62与LC3-Ⅱ相反,3 d开始下降,7 d达最低值,14 d又逐渐恢复,表明自噬在7 d这个时间点表达最显著。电镜显示UUO术后7 d出现自噬小体和吞噬泡现象。结论: UUO术后自噬的表达有一定的时间依赖性,在7 d时表达最显著,自噬与病理严重程度不平行。     

P92大规格钢锭锻制管坯穿管断裂致因分析

摘要：某钢厂生产的P92大规格钢锭锻制管坯常出现穿管后产生裂纹的现象,为了探究裂纹产生的原因,在断裂管坯裂纹及附近区域取样,使用金相显微镜与扫描电镜分析裂纹宏观形貌和成分,并进行夹杂物评级与成分分布分析,对无裂纹产品进行高温拉伸试验,考察热制度是否合理。结果表明:穿管断裂样品均存在夹杂物评级超标的问题,未能在精炼过程上浮去除的脱氧产物与卷渣形成的大型夹杂物在穿管过程中引起应力集中,导致裂纹萌生、扩展。针对脱氧产物未被去除的问题,对钙质脱氧剂和铝脱氧剂的加入量进行调整,并延长RH处理结束的弱搅拌时间。针对卷渣带入的夹杂物,对保护渣成分进行优化,选用低熔点保护渣。结果表明这些措施较好地解决了裂纹萌生的问题,产品夹杂物评级合格,大尺寸夹杂物数量大为减少。     

分配曲线经验模型在预测和优化中的应用

重力选煤的预测与优化都是利用分配率的计算来实现的。分配曲线经验模型应用于预测和优化的关键是解决模型参数与分选密度间的变换关系。通过实际预测计算，分析了当前广泛应用的几种分配曲线的经验模型在预测应用中误差较大的原因。并针对复合双曲正切模型，提出了一套模型参数变换公式，通过与其它多种经验模型的对比验证，证明复合双曲正切模型可以更为准确的用于重力选的预测和优化。     

基于Gompertz模型的成品钢材产量预测研究

由于成品钢材业在中国制造业内处于上下游的关键联结点，对成品钢材产量进行科学严谨的预测，为企业管理层进行重大决策提供有科学依据的建议和资料，成为中国制造业亟待解决的重要课题之一。文中提出的基于Gompertz曲线，引入季节模型建立的成品钢材产量预测数学方程，具有数据处理简化及计算量小的特点，有较强的科学性和实用性。     

冷冲高硬度材料模具的失效分析与选材

用WC-Co型硬质合金和高合金钢以不同的匹配方式制作冷冲模具,对高硬度材料2Cr13不锈钢进行冲裁,发现以高合金钢制作的模具寿命远高于硬质合金制作的模具。其失效方式及所占比例表明,硬质合金主要以掉渣和崩刃为主,而高合金钢以正常磨损为主。分析可知,由于剧烈磨损而引起WC-Co型硬质合金Co的缺失,破坏了WC骨架,最终导致模具局部韧性不足而掉渣;而高合金钢韧性相对较好,延长了使用寿命,但同时由于热加工工艺的不适当导致碳化物不均或硬度不稳定而未充分发挥材料的潜能,对提高高合金钢的使用寿命给出了改进方案。     

Synthesis of SBA 15 graphene oxide composite membrane using phenol–formaldehyde resin pore modifier for CO2 separation

Present study highlights the development of carbon-loaded SBA 15 membrane on clay-alumina tubular support and its performance on the CO₂ separation efficiencies from different mixture gases. To modify the large pores of SBA 15 by graphitic carbon, low molecular weight phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin was incorporated into the mesoporous channel followed by calcination under inert atmosphere. The modified ordered pore structure of the membrane has been characterized by low-angle XRD, TEM, and pore size distribution analysis. The chemical state of the deposited carbon phase into the SBA 15 pores was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon having graphitic nature mainly in graphene oxide has been deposited into the mesopore of SBA 15 resulting decrease in pore size from 8.9 to 1.0 nm. Finally, the developed SBA 15 carbon membranes were characterized by CO₂ permeation and separation selectivity of CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/CO. Highest CO₂/CH₄ separation factor was achieved as 16.9 with CO₂ permeance 13.6 × 10^–8 mol/m²/s/Pa at 200 kPa feed pressure by the 20% resin with 2 times coated membrane. In flue gas analysis, highest CO₂/CO separation factor of 32.8 was achieved. This study offers an observation on CO₂ separation from simulated BF gas for the first time and the results show the potential of the developed SBA 15/C composite membranes in commercial application.     

SPA-H钢弯曲开裂原因分析

SPA-H钢板在用户制作集装箱时出现弯曲开裂的质量问题,应用扫描电镜、能谱仪、光学显微镜对弯曲开裂样品开裂部位的非金属夹杂物、成分偏析等进行分析,并对比分析了弯曲未开裂样品。经过观察发现,弯曲开裂样品在钢板1/4厚度部位严重的磷偏析割裂了钢板组织的连续性和金属的流动性;以及裂纹源附近的硫化锰夹杂物较多,破坏了基体的连续性,大颗粒的氧化铝夹杂物易形成应力集中,成为裂纹源。严重的磷偏析和较多的非金属夹杂物共同作用致使钢板在弯曲时开裂。     

Temperature accelerated life test on commercial concentrator III–V triple‐junction solar cells and reliability analysis as a function of the operating temperature

A temperature accelerated life test on commercial concentrator lattice‐matched GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple‐junction solar cells has been carried out. The acceleration of the aging has been accomplished by subjecting the solar cells at temperatures markedly higher than the nominal working temperature inside a concentrator, and the nominal photo‐current condition (820 X) has been emulated by injecting current in darkness. Three tests at different temperatures have been carried out. The failure distributions across the three test temperatures have been fitted to an Arrhenius–Weibull model. An Arrhenius activation energy of 1.59 eV was determined from the fit. The reliability functions and parameters of these solar cells at two nominal working conditions (80 and 100 °C) have been obtained. In both cases, the instantaneous failure rate function monotonically increases, that is, the failures are of the wear‐out kind. We have also observed that the reliability data are very sensitive to the nominal temperature condition. In fact, at a nominal working condition of 820 X and 80 °C, assuming that the concentration module works 5 h per day, the warranty time obtained for a failure population of 5% has been 113 years. However, for a nominal working condition of 820 X and 100 °C, the warranty time obtained for a failure population of 5% has been 7 years. Therefore, in order to offer a long‐term warranty, the working temperature could be a key factor in the design of the concentration photovoltaic systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.