全文获取类型
收费全文 | 25499篇 |
免费 | 2109篇 |
国内免费 | 2097篇 |
学科分类
生物科学 | 29705篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 66篇 |
2023年 | 351篇 |
2022年 | 802篇 |
2021年 | 1330篇 |
2020年 | 866篇 |
2019年 | 1056篇 |
2018年 | 1001篇 |
2017年 | 742篇 |
2016年 | 1054篇 |
2015年 | 1553篇 |
2014年 | 1829篇 |
2013年 | 1933篇 |
2012年 | 2363篇 |
2011年 | 2023篇 |
2010年 | 1283篇 |
2009年 | 1024篇 |
2008年 | 1392篇 |
2007年 | 1166篇 |
2006年 | 1054篇 |
2005年 | 897篇 |
2004年 | 745篇 |
2003年 | 637篇 |
2002年 | 581篇 |
2001年 | 490篇 |
2000年 | 378篇 |
1999年 | 431篇 |
1998年 | 255篇 |
1997年 | 218篇 |
1996年 | 255篇 |
1995年 | 206篇 |
1994年 | 252篇 |
1993年 | 152篇 |
1992年 | 220篇 |
1991年 | 183篇 |
1990年 | 174篇 |
1989年 | 113篇 |
1988年 | 83篇 |
1987年 | 75篇 |
1986年 | 49篇 |
1985年 | 64篇 |
1984年 | 48篇 |
1983年 | 39篇 |
1982年 | 37篇 |
1981年 | 24篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 25篇 |
1977年 | 15篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1973年 | 17篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Intrathymic, Ia-bearing antigen-presenting cells (APC) are believed to play an important role in the development of a mature, functional T-cell repertoire. We used chronic in vivo treatment of neonatal mice with anti-I-A monoclonal Ab (MAb) to examine the expression of I-A and I-E antigens on intrathymic and peripheral APC. Three weeks after continuous treatment with anti-I-A MAb, FACS analysis of unfractionated spleen cells revealed a 75-90% reduction in the number of I-A bearing cells. Splenic antigen-presenting capacity measured by the ability of unseparated or density gradient-enriched APC to stimulate I-A- or I-E-reactive T-cell hybridomas was also greatly reduced. In contrast to the expression of I-A and I-E molecules in the splenic APC, anti-I-A MAb treatment resulted in decreased thymic APC I-A expression without significant changes in I-E as measured by FACS analysis. This was confirmed in functional studies in which allo-I-A- or auto-I-A-reactive T-cell hybridomas could not be stimulated by treated thymic APC. Unlike splenic APC, anti-I-A-treated thymic APC did not differ significantly from normals in their ability to stimulate allo-I-E-reactive T hybridomas. This lack of linkage or comodulation of I-A and I-E expression on thymic but not splenic APC may allow us to study the role of I-A molecules and I-E molecules on the development and expansion of functional, mature T-cell repertoires. 相似文献
22.
23.
The effects of phosphorylation on the interaction between spectrin and ankyrin were investigated. Spectrin and ankyrin were phosphorylated using purified human erythrocyte membrane and cytosolic (casein kinase A) kinases. These two kinases have similar properties as well as activities toward spectrin and ankyrin. Both kinases catalyzed the incorporation of about 2 mol of phosphate/mol of spectrin and about 7 mol of phosphate/mol of ankyrin. These phosphates were incorporated primarily into seryl and threonyl residues of the proteins. The phosphopeptide maps of ankyrin phosphorylated by the membrane kinase and casein kinase A were identical. Binding studies indicate that ankyrin exhibits different affinities for spectrin dimers (KD = 2.5 +/- 0.9 X 10(-6) M) and tetramers (KD = 2.7 +/- 0.8 X 10(-7) M). These dissociation constants were not appreciably affected by the phosphorylation of spectrin. On the other hand, phosphorylation of ankyrin was found to significantly reduce its affinity for either phosphorylated or unphosphorylated spectrin tetramers (KD = 1.2 +/- 0.1 X 10(-6) M) but not spectrin dimers (KD = 2.5 +/- 0.4 X 10(-6) M). The same results were obtained using either the membrane kinase or casein kinase A as the phosphorylating enzyme. The above observation suggests that ankyrin phosphorylation may provide an important mechanism for the regulation of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal network. 相似文献
24.
To examine the effects of prepubertal steroid environment on subsequent estrous cyclicity and gonadotropin secretion, Silastic implants containing 25, 50 or 100% 17 beta-estradiol (E2;n=34), 50% diethylstilbestrol (DES; n=16) or 50% testosterone (T; n=17) were placed into female rats at 12 days of age and removed on the day of vaginal opening (18-24 days of age). At 80 days of age, the percentages of regularly cycling females in the E2-(three groups combined), DES- and T-implanted groups were 59%, 0% and 59%, respectively. By 110 days of age, the percentages were reduced to 24%, 0% and 0%, and at 140 days of age 6%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Many of these females displayed irregular estrous cycles followed by a persistent estrous (PE) state. By contrast, 89% of the control females (blank implants or no implant) maintained regular cycles up to 140 days of age. At 150 days of age, an i.p. injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 ng/100 g BW) markedly increased serum luteinizing hormone (LH), but not follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in intact PE females treated prepubertally with E2 implants. After the test with GnRH, PE rats were ovariectomized (OVX). Thirty days after OVX, similar GnRH administration significantly increased serum levels of both LH and FSH, but these responses were significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced when compared with those in OVX controls. Progesterone administration to estradiol benzoate-primed, acutely (3 days) OVX, or long-term (43 days) OVX-PE females did not increase LH or FSH release. These results indicate that exposure to exogenous estrogen or T prior to puberty precipitates the decline in estrous cyclicity associated with the loss of gonadotropin surge response, presumably due to an alteration in hypothalamic GnRH release. 相似文献
25.
26.
When an exponentially growing culture of Escherichia coli is cooled to below 8 °C, initiation of protein synthesis appears to be blocked, while the elongation of initiated proteins continues until they are completed. This is demonstrated here by showing that nascent polypeptide chains increase in size during a 5 °C incubation and that f2 viral coat protein is completed, but not initiated. Upon rewarming, the cells initiate protein synthesis synchronously. This is demonstrated by a transient rise in the incorporation of methionine which is used to initiate protein synthesis. 相似文献
27.
Genetic Recombination in Coprinus. IV. a Kinetic Study of the Temperature Effect on Recombination Frequency 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Lu BC 《Genetics》1974,78(2):661-677
At the restrictive conditions (35 degrees under continuous light) Coprinus lagopus is unable to initiate premeiotic S phase which takes place normally within 8-10 h of karyogamy. A shift-up to the restrictive conditions causes an arrest of the basidiocarps at this critical stage. A prolonged arrest causes a reversal to mitosis (Lu 1974b). Incubation of basidiocarps at the restrictive conditions before this critical stage causes no increase in recombination frequency (R.F.) in the loci studied. An arrest of 4 h at the critical stage still causes no R.F. increase, but 12-13 h and 18-19 h arrests cause increases of 50% and 90% over the controls, respectively. Thus R.F. can be increased even before the cells are fully committed to meiosis.-A 3-h heat treatment at the beginning of S phase (or 8 h before karyogamy) also causes some (30%) increase in R.F. while the same treatment at late S phase (or 3 h before karyogamy) causes a substantial (164%) increase in R.F. over the controls. A 3-h heat treatment before S phase causes no increase in R.F.-Pachytene is also responsive to temperature treatments (Lu 1969). The maximum R.f. increase is 100% by heat and 220% by cold treatment. The shortest time that can cause the maximum increase in recombination by high temperature is 3 h and that by cold treatment is 7 h. These durations are correlated with the length of the pachytene stage under the treatment conditions. The kinetic data show that the increase in R.F. caused by high and low temperatures follows two-hit kinetics and their rate of increase is almost identical. The higher increase in R.F. by low temperature can be attributed to the increased duration of pachytene and therefore R.F. is a function of time. The longer the homologous chromosomes are held together, the higher the recombination frequency. 相似文献
28.
29.
Successful replacement of avulsed scalp. Case report 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
M M Lu 《Plastic and reconstructive surgery》1969,43(3):231-234