Simulation of endovascular guidewire behaviour and experimental validation

Guidewire manipulation is a core skill in endovascular interventional radiology procedures. Simulation-based training offers a valuable alternative for mastering these skills, but requires a faithful replication of complex guidewire behaviour inside the vasculature. This paper presents the integration of real flexural modulus (FM) measurements into our guidewire model that mimics the flexibility of standard guidewires. The variation of FM along the length of each wire was determined for seven commonly used guidewires using a three-point bending test for the main body and a two-point bending test for the flexible end. Guidewire FM values were then attributed to seven different models, each formed by a series of particles connected by links of variable FM and replicating the flexible end shape. The FM integration was done through a trial and error process matching real FM to virtual bending coefficient. This mass-spring representation captures the required range of behaviour and enables accurate deformation within virtual vasculature.     

Cardiac-restricted expression of the carboxyl-terminal fragment of GRK3 Uncovers Distinct Functions of GRK3 in regulation of cardiac contractility and growth: GRK3 controls cardiac alpha1-adrenergic receptor responsiveness

G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 and -3 (GRK2 and GRK3) in cardiac myocytes catalyze phosphorylation and desensitization of different G protein-coupled receptors through specificity controlled by their carboxyl-terminal pleckstrin homology domain. Although GRK2 has been extensively investigated, the function of cardiac GRK3 remains unknown. Thus, in this study cardiac function of GRK3 was investigated in transgenic (Tg) mice with cardiac-restricted expression of a competitive inhibitor of GRK3, i.e. the carboxyl-terminal plasma membrane targeting domain of GRK3 (GRK3ct). Cardiac myocytes from Tg-GRK3ct mice displayed significantly enhanced agonist-stimulated alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of ERK1/2 versus cardiac myocytes from nontransgenic littermate control (NLC) mice consistent with inhibition of GRK3. Tg-GRK3ct mice did not display alterations of cardiac mass or left ventricular dimensions compared with NLC mice. Tail-cuff plethysmography of 3- and 9-month-old mice revealed elevated systolic blood pressure in Tg-GRK3ct mice versus control mice (3-month-old mice, 136.8 +/- 3.6 versus 118.3 +/- 4.7 mm Hg, p < 0.001), an observation confirmed by radiotelemetric recording of blood pressure of conscious, unrestrained mice. Simultaneous recording of left ventricular pressure and volume in vivo by miniaturized conductance micromanometry revealed increased systolic performance with significantly higher stroke volume and stroke work in Tg-GRK3ct mice than in NLC mice. This phenotype was corroborated in electrically paced ex vivo perfused working hearts. However, analysis of left ventricular function ex vivo as a function of increasing filling pressure disclosed significantly reduced (dP/dt)(min) and prolonged time constant of relaxation (tau) in Tg-GRK3ct hearts at elevated supraphysiological filling pressure compared with control hearts. Thus, inhibition of GRK3 apparently reduces tolerance to elevation of preload. In conclusion, inhibition of cardiac GRK3 causes hypertension because of hyperkinetic myocardium and increased cardiac output relying at least partially on cardiac myocyte alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor hyper-responsiveness. The reduced tolerance to elevation of preload may cause impaired ability to withstand pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure.     

Preparation of a mesoporous silica quorum quenching medium for wastewater treatment using a membrane bioreactor

Abstract

Various quorum quenching (QQ) media have been developed to mitigate membrane biofouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). However, most are expensive, unstable and easily trapped in hollow fibre membranes. Here, a sol-gel method was used to develop a mesoporous silica medium entrapping a QQ bacterial strain (Rhodococcus sp. BH4). The new silica QQ medium was able to remove quorum sensing signalling molecules via both adsorption (owing to their mesoporous hydrophobic structure) and decomposition with an enzyme (lactonase), preventing MBR biofouling without affecting the water quality. It also demonstrated a relatively long life span due to its non-biodegradability and its relatively small particle size (<1.0?mm), which makes it less likely to clog in a hollow fibre membrane module.     

Flow patterns in an endovascular stent-graft for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Endovascular exclusion of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has been carried out in selected patients during the past decade. The deployment of a complex multicomponent endovascular device in an aneurysmal aorta may alter the local haemodynamics and lead to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia development. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the flow patterns using flow visualisation and laser Doppler anemometry in a commercial bifurcated stent-graft. Two configurations of the stent-graft, endo-stent and exo-stent, were investigated in an idealised planar AAA model. The flow structures in the main trunk in both configurations of the stent-graft are three-dimensional with complex secondary structures. However, these flow structures were not entirely caused by the stent-graft. The stent struts in the endo-stent configuration cause localised alteration in the flow pattern but the overall flow structures were not significantly affected. Low velocity regions in the main trunk and flow separation in the stump region and the curved segment of the iliac limbs were observed. These areas are associated with thrombosis in the clinical situation. Improvements in the design of endovascular devices may remove these areas of unfavourable flow patterns and lead to better clinical performance.     

Uncertainty in cancer risk at low doses of inorganic arsenic

It is unknown whether inorganic arsenic in drinking water concentrations at the current maximum contaminant level of 50 μg/1 poses a cancer risk in the United States. Data from two large epidemiological studies of cancer and arsenic in drinking water in Taiwan indicate a dose‐response relationship, but the magnitude of risk at low concentrations is highly uncertain. Four sources of uncertainty are described: model choice, data aggregation, intra‐village variability of arsenic in well water, arsenic intake from food. New data from an appropriately designed epidemiological study are needed to improve dose‐response assessment.     

Adaptation of the cockroach Blattella germanica to human habitats: circadian and noncircadian factors

To survive, an animal must respond to the environmental stimuli (Zeitgebers) precisely coinciding with a 24‐h light/dark cycle. In human habitats, both natural and artificial Zeitgebers intermingle, entraining the circadian clocks of animals. Whether a circadian clock can respond to Zeitgebers effectively is closely related to the level of adaptive competitiveness. In the present review, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica L.) is compared with the double‐striped cockroach (Blattella bisignata Brunner von Wattenwyl) and the reasons why B. germanica is a more competitive dweller than its sibling species in human habitats are discussed. For example, sensitive adjustment of circadian clocks allows a male B. germanica to coordinate itself to the changes of daily light/dark cycles more efficiently; by contrast, it takes male B. bisignata more than 3 days to adjust. In a given dark phase, male B. germanica appear more to be resistant than B. bisignata to interference from light pulses. Ovary‐dependent masking factors enable female B. germanica to take advantage of the light phase to feed or mate, during which time a female B. bisignata typically remains inert. Furthermore, the gregariousness levels, fertilization and hatching rates, as well as mating behaviours of both cockroach species are compared. All of these comparisons suggest that B. germanica surpasses B. bisignata with respect to adapting to the artificial constraints within human habitats as a result of the adoption of an integrated strategy consisting of circadian and noncircadian approaches.     

蓖麻蚕γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的研究

L-γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GTP)广泛分布在蓖麻蚕Philosamia cynthia ricinI的中肠、马氏管、后丝腺、脂肪体、体壁等组织中;并存在于蚕个体发育中的各个阶段。酶活力以马氏管、中肠为最大。在五龄蚕前中期各组织均显示γ-GTP最大活力。在脂肪体和表皮组织中,蛹形成时又分别出现γ-GTP活力峰。昆虫生长发育必需的10种氨基酸均是蚕各组织γ-GTP酶促反应的受体。这些结果表明,γ-GTP作为L-γ-谷氨酰循环中一个关键酶,在蓖麻蚕体内对氨基酸的吸收和转运起着重要作用。