ES细胞分化为血管样结构的机理探讨—TGF-β1在血管形成中的作用

本文利用小鼠ES细胞的拟胚体培养和三维胶原蛋白培养系统研究了外源rhTGF-β1对ES细胞分化为血管样结构的影响。结果发现,无论是培液中添加外源rhTGF-β1或细胞经基因转染而有过度表达的TGF-β1都对ES细胞形成血管样结构起着决定性的作用。培液中添加适量的TGF-β1抗体,则过度表达TGF-β1的ES-T6细胞分化为血管样结构的频率明显地受到抑制,相似于其亲本ES-5细胞的分化水平。在Ⅰ型胶原三维培养系统中的单层ES-5细胞培液中添加rhTGF-β1时,明显地促进ES-5细胞形成血管样结构。用层粘连蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白抗体分别作免疫荧光染色也观察到ES-T6细胞分化产生的上皮样细胞和圆形细胞都显示较强的荧光反应,这些现象提示TGF-β1可能通过调节细胞外基质成份而行使其在血管形成中的作用。同时,我们在ES-5细胞和ES-T6细胞的分化衍生物中都检测到bFGF的mRNA。因此,TGF-β1在血管样结构形成中的作用,除了它对于细胞外基质成份有关基因的直接调控外,还可能通过调节细胞的bFGF等一类与血管内皮细胞生长和分化相关的生长因子而间接地行使其生物学功能。在本实验系统中,ES-T6细胞分化为内皮细胞及血管样结构必需有低剂量RA的诱导,其作用机理有待研究。     

外源TGF-β1基因在小鼠ES细胞中的表达及其对细胞分化的影响

本文利用逆转录病毒载体Dol,在其BamHⅠ酶切位点插入猪TGF-β1的1.7kbcDNA,构建成表达质粒,并用磷酸钙沉淀法将该质粒DNA转染到小鼠ES-5细胞,经G_(418)筛选获得抗G_(418)的ES-5细胞克隆(ES-T),经RNA点杂交,Northern印迹杂交证明有6个细胞克隆能表达外源猪TGF-β1的mRNA,其中两个杂交信号较强的克隆进一步用Southern印迹杂交,也证明猪TGF-β1基因已整合到ES-5细胞基因组。经SELISA和生物活性测定,证明ES-T细胞存在着过度表达的TGF-β1基因产物。ES-T细胞生长特性与其亲代ES-5细胞相比,未发现明显差异。经低浓度RA处理悬滴培养的ES-T6细胞,将形成的拟胚体移至用白明胶铺底的培养板中,则最终有95%左右的拟胚体分化出血管样结构,而ES-5细胞在相同培养和处理条件下,只有17.8%形成无规则的管状结构,这结果提示ES-T6细胞基因组中外源TGF-β_1的额外表达,在调节该细胞株分化形成血管样结构中起着重要作用。同时,我们的实验体系也提供了一个适合于研究内皮细胞发生和血管形成的模型。     

人抗药基因在小鼠ES细胞中的表达及嵌合体小鼠的研究

本文用磷酸钙沉淀法将含人mdrl 基因表达质粒(pHaMDR 1/A)转染到小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES-5),得到了四个能稳定地在含有200 ng/ml 秋水仙素培液中生长传代的细胞克隆。经Southern 印迹杂交及RNA 印迹杂交证明人mdrl 基因已整合到ES 细胞基因组,并有表达。其中两个克隆杂交信号较强,抗药基因可随秋水仙素浓度提高而扩增,表达量也随之增加。用抗该基因编码的p170糖蛋白抗体对ES-mdr 1细胞作免疫荧光染色,证实p170蛋白分布于细胞表面。未发现ES-mdr 1细胞的体内、外发育潜能与亲代细胞的有何差异。但是mdr1细胞不能被RA 和HMBA 化学药物诱导分化,表明这些细胞已与亲代ES-5细胞不同,具有拮抗化学药物诱导分化的作用,其机理尚待研究。因此,ES-mdr1细胞可作为在细胞水平研究p170糖蛋白作用机理的体系,也可用以建立体外筛选拮抗抗约基因作用新手段的模型。我们也得到了含人mdr1基因的嵌合小鼠,并对它们的嵌合情况作了分析。     

人抗药基因在小鼠ES细胞中的表达及嵌合体小鼠的研究

本文用磷酸钙沉淀法将含人ｍｄｒ１基因表达质粒转染到小鼠胚胎干细胞,得到了四个能稳定地在含有２００ｎｇ／ｍｌ秋水仙素培液中生长传代的细胞克隆。经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交及ＲＮＡ印迹杂交证明人ｍｏｄｒ１基因已整合到ＥＳ细胞基因组,并有表达。其中两个克隆杂交信号较强,抗药基因可随秋水仙素深度提高而扩增,表达量也随之增加。用抗该基因编码的ｐ１７０糖蛋白抗体对ＥＳ－ｍｄｒ １细胞作免疫荧光染色,证实ｐ１７０     

维生素A酸和双丁酰基环腺苷单磷酸对小鼠胚...

In vitro induced differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES-5 cells), derived from 5-day 129 mouse blastocyst was studied with retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dB-cAMP). RA only or RA with dBcAMP together can both induce monolayer ES-5 cells to differentiate into cells of two types: neuron-like cells and fibroblast-like cells. After treated with 10(-6)mol/L RA for 6 days, the differentiated cells were about 80% of all cells, among which most cells were fibroblast-like cells and others were neuron-like cells. While after 6 days of treatment with 10(-6)mol/L RA and 1 mmol/L dBcAMP, the ratio of differentiated cells can be up to 90-95%, and most cells (about 90-95% of differentiated cells) are neuron-like cells. Immunocytochemical analysis of phenotypic markers, especially GFAP and laminin, showed that the neuron-like cells were glia cells. DBcAMP affected the direction and efficiency of induction by RA. The induced differentiation by RA on attached aggregated ES-5 cells was studied as well. In this case, more cell types appeared, such as epitheloid cells, fibroblast-like cells and spindle shaped cells and so on. The exact nature of these differentiated cells was not identified. After attached culture for about 15 days, rhythmically contracting cardiac-like muscle cells were most attractive among those several differentiated cell types. The change of phenotypic markers during induced differentiation of ES-5 cells in monolayer and aggregated state was summarized in table 1. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) was also examined in undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Untreated ES-5 cells showed positive immunofluorescent reaction to TGF-beta 1 and various differentiated cells showed different reactions. Glia cells and cardiac-like cells displayed a much stronger TGF-beta 1 reaction. These results indicate that the exact role played by TGF-beta 1 during induced differentiation needs further investigation. The different effect of RA on monolayer and aggregated ES cells and the possible significance of cell to cell interaction in the latter case are discussed.     

环六亚甲基双乙酰胺对小鼠畸胎癌B7-2克隆细胞的诱导分化

近年来,有不少研究工作者报道了用化学物质诱导恶性癌细胞进行有限的分化。这类物质主要有维生素A酸(RA),丁酸钠(Na-butyrare),二甲基亚砜(DM-SO),环腺嘌呤核苷酸(c-AMP)以及环六亚甲基双乙酰胺(hexamethylene bisaceta-mide,HMBA)等,它们能使癌细胞恶性表型受到抑制,并向一定类型的体细胞分化。HMBA最早用于研究小鼠红白血病细胞的诱导分化,并为研究珠蛋白基因表达提供了很好的实验模型。随后,Jakob等     

小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES-8501细胞)建系过程的核型及特性分析

小鼠胚胎性癌(EC)细胞系的细胞核型大多数异常,对用于分析EC细胞与胚胎细胞之间的关系和进行嵌合体研究等都是不利的。人们都期望能有正常核型的胚胎细胞系的建立。近年来Evans和Kaufman以及Martin等人先后用不同方法直接从小鼠的内细胞团(ICM)细胞建立了多潜能的胚胎干细胞(erabryonicstem eells,简称ES细胞),也有人称之为EK     

人体肝癌细胞染色体的组型分析和G-分带研究

(一)人体肝癌体外原级培养细胞的中期染色体计数表明,第1例肝癌为超二倍体(2.46倍),其他两例为超四倍体(4.28和4.42倍),染色体众数分别为57,111和116个。(二)肝癌细胞染色体组型分析显示,D组和G组等近顶端着丝点染色体比其他各组号减少了,特别在第一例肝癌的超二倍体细胞中,缺少15号染色体的细胞高达90%,大多成为单体状态,甚或缺体。在所有三例肝癌细胞中,15号染色体平均只有全部染色体倍体数的一半。(三)在三例肝癌细胞中,包括超二倍体和超四倍体细胞,E组和F组等中间或近中间着丝点染色体平均比全部染色体倍体数增加两倍。上述这两类染色体数目变化各异,一增一减,导致肝癌细胞的各组号染色体之间相对比例失调。(四)检查分带类型指出,肝癌细胞内一个1号染色体的短臂比另一同源染色体增长一段,在这短臂末端额外多出一条着色较深的带纹,推测是由于G组(21号)染色体易位所形成。相似的现象较少地出现在2号和4号染色体长臂的末端。由于易位,使得染色体之间固有关系改变了。(五)肝癌细胞中出现双着丝点染色体、半环状染色体和微小染色体等,染色体还发生间隙、断裂和缺损等畸变。     

癌基因EJ－ras在小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES－5）中的表达及其对ES－5细胞一些特征的影响

转基因动物在研究基因的功能、医药、畜牧业等方面有重要的应用。利用胚胎干细胞（ＥＳ）制作转基因动物,比传统的显微注射法有无可比拟的优点。但是,目前、只在小鼠中建立起了ＥＳ细胞系,在其它哺乳动物（包括家畜）中尚未建成。近来,人们开始探索：改变胚胎细胞的遗传物质（如：把外源基因导入胚胎细胞）是否有利于获得ＥＳ细胞系．在各种外源基因中,癌基因是值得尝试的基因。因为：（１）ＥＳ细胞的建系是使胚胎的ＩＣＭ细胞永生化的过程;（２）在体外利用癌基因转染可使许多原代培养细胞永生化;（３）ＥＳ细胞高表达一些原癌基因。我们用癌基因ＥＪ－ｒａｓ转染小鼠ＥＳ细胞,观察其对ＥＳ－５细胞一些特性（增殖、嵌合能力）的影响,以便选择合适的癌基因用于家畜ＥＳ细胞的建系。ＥＳ－５细胞通常培养在丝裂霉素处理的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞（ＭＥＦ）上（Ｆｉｇ．Ａ）。转染用ＥＳ－５细胞培养在无饲养层细胞的、含有大鼠肝细胞（ＢＲＬ）的条件培养液ＤＭＥＭ中。ＥＪ－ｒａｓ基因克隆在真核表达载体ＰＳＶ２ｎｅｏ的ＢａｍＨＩ位点上、使用磷酸钙法转染ＥＳ－５细胞,Ｇ－４１８法筛选阳性克隆,得到的抗性克隆仍以集落形式生长（Ｆｉｇ．Ｂ）,选取５个较好的克隆（ＥＳ－ｒａｓ１,２,     

小鼠早期胚胎发育期间TGF—β免疫组织化学定位

The distribution of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) in the early developing mouse embryos between day 1 and day 12 of gestation was examined by immunohistochemical techniques. Polyclonal rabbit antiserum raised against a synthetic oligopeptide identical to the N-terminal residues 1-29 of TGF-beta-1 from human platelets was used. The following results were obtained: 1. Embryonic cells of early cleavage stages (2, 4 and 8 cells) and late morulae showed positive immunofluorescent reaction without any difference in staining intensity (Plate I, Figs. 1-4). 2. Marked staining of blastocysts in toto or sections with anti-TGF-beta-1 antibodies by either immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase reaction was also observed. Inner cell mass (ICM) cells and trophoectoderm cells were both reacted, but more intense staining was found in primary endoderm cells differentiated from ICM cells adjacent to blastocoele (Plate II, Fig. 5). 3. Scattered granules stained strongly with immunoperoxidase reaction were present in embryonic ectoderm and visceral endoderm surrounding the forming mesoderm which was only slightly stained (Plate II, Fig. 6). 4. Intense immunoperoxidase staining was also present in mesoderm of visceral yolk sac of day 8 and day 10 embryos (Plate II, Fig. 7). 5. During the formation of somites, neural tube and limb bud, remarkable staining was found in mesenchyme, individual cells of somites, mucous layer of gut tubes, heart and limb buds (Plate III, Figs. 8-10). No significant staining was seen in neural cells per se except the inner surface of neural tube. The results of present studies indicate that abundant TGF-beta-1 is present in preimplantation mouse embryos including cleavage, morulae and blastocyst stages. In postimplantation embryos, TGF-beta-1 appears to play an important role in the differentiation of endoderm and mesoderm, particularly in the development of extraembryonic tissues, and in later morphogenetic and histogenetic events involving mainly mesoderm or mesenchyme cells.