Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama

Uranotaenia sapphirina, Culex erraticus, and Cx. peccator were collected in an enzootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus focus in central Alabama (Tuskegee National Forest) from 2001 to 2003 and analyzed for virus as well as host selection. EEE virus was detected in each species every year except 2003, when pools of Cx. peccator were negative. Most (97%) of the 130 Cx. peccator blood meals identified were from ectothermic hosts; 3% were from birds. Among blood meals from reptiles (approximately 75% of the total), 81% were from Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth); all amphibian blood meals (approximately 25%) were from Rana spp. with > 50% taken from the bullfrog R. catesbeiana. Host identifications were made from 131 of 197 Cx. erraticus, but only 3 (2%) were derived from ectothermic species. Identification of Ur. sapphirina blood meals proved difficult and only 2 of 35 hosts were determined. Both were from R. catesbeiana. Ectothermic species are possible EEE virus reservoirs in the southeastern United States where species such as Cx. peccator and Ur. sapphirina occur with large, diverse reptilian, amphibian, and avian populations such as those at the Tuskegee site.     

脑损伤后意识障碍患者音乐治疗的研究进展

脑损伤后意识障碍的恢复治疗十分棘手。音乐治疗是意识障碍患者促醒治疗的重要手段之一,不同个体之间、植物状态和最小意识状态患者之间、不同的音乐作品之间,音乐刺激的效果可能存在一定差异。默认网络是维持意识的最主要网络之一,还有其他网络参与。音乐治疗影响的脑区存在于多个网络中,包括听觉、认知、情感等网络。     

文献信息分析工具的比较

选取具有代表性的13种文献信息分析工具,从支持的数据格式、数据预处理、构建的关系矩阵、标准化处理、分析方法、结果的可视化等方面进行了比较,总结了每个工具的优势与不足,并为用户选择合适的分析工具提出了建议。     

Vitreous substitutes:challenges and directions

Thenatural vitreous body has a fine structure and complex functions. The imitation of the natural vitreous body by vitreous substitutes is a challenging work for both researchers and ophthalmologists. Gases, silicone oil, heavy silicone oil and hydrogels, particularly the former two vitreous substitutes are clinically widely used with certain complications. Those, however, are not real artificial vitreous due to lack of structure and function like the natural vitreous body. This article reviews the situations, challenges, and future directions in the development of vitreous substitutes, particularly the experimental and clinical use of a new artificial foldable capsular vitreous body .     

安徽省2006～2013年围产儿神经管缺陷变化趋势分析

目的了解安徽省2006~2013年度围生期神经管缺陷(NTDs)变化趋势,以指导今后开展预防神经管缺陷工作。方法对安徽省41个市(县)、123所县级及以上助产机构的神经管缺陷监测数据进行分析。结果安徽省2006~2013年度围生儿NTDs发生率逐年下降,与2006年度比较,2011~2013年度NTDs发生率降低49.79%~65.58%,显著大于2010年前的降幅,差异有统计学意义。农村NTDs发生率为6.58/万,城市NTDs发生率为2.34/万,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=123.74,P0.01)。结论 NTDs发生率逐年下降,农村地区是安徽省神经管缺陷高发地区,应进行重点干预,以进一步降低神经管缺陷发生率。     

67例儿童血清维生素A、D、E水平研究

目的了解婴幼儿血清维生素A、D、E水平状况,为临床诊治工作提供参考。方法以2013年1-3月在首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院保健门诊67名要求健康体检儿童作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱检测血清维生素A、25羟维生素D[25(OH)D]、维生素E水平,收集其基本情况、喂养方式、体格等方面信息。结果 67名儿童中,男40例,女27例。维生素A水平为(0.23±0.07)mg/L,缺乏率34.3%,不同月龄段血清水平差异有统计学意义(F=5.866,P=0.001),随月龄增加血清维生素A缺乏率逐渐减少,0~4个月组最低[(0.17±0.04)mg/L],缺乏率高达68.8%;不同喂养方式血清维生素A水平差异有统计学意义(F=2.838,P=0.045),纯母乳喂养组血清水平偏低[(0.18±0.03)mg/L],缺乏率为60.0%。血清25(OH)D水平为(102.26±90.54)nmol/L,缺乏率为13.3%;不同喂养方式水平差异有统计学意义(F=2.951,P=0.038),纯母乳喂养婴儿仍偏低[(96.93±20.42)nmol/L],缺乏率较高为33.3%。血清维生素E水平为(10.09±2.76)mg/L,不足率仅为13.4%,未发现缺乏儿童,维生素E营养状况良好。结论婴幼儿维生素A、D营养状况不容乐观,应针对高危人群及时施加干预以预防维生素缺乏症的发生。     

注意力缺陷多动障碍患儿的骨龄发育水平和体质量的研究

目的探讨注意力缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)儿童的骨龄发育水平与体质指数(body mass index,BMI),为ADHD开展有效的治疗与预防措施提供依据。方法采取自愿原则选自本院保健科心理门诊6~11岁的符合美国精神障碍诊断统计手册(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的初诊ADHD儿童53例为观察组,生长发育门诊中选取正常健康儿童53例为对照组,采用数字化摄影仪拍摄左手腕骨正位X线片,用统一标准测量身高、体重,按CHN法(中国人手腕部骨发育评价标准)骨龄标准评价手腕骨龄片。结果观察组身高年龄与实际年龄的差均值(0.8±1.1)与对照组(-0.1±0.6)的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001),骨龄与实际年龄差均值与对照组比较差异有高度统计学意义(P0.001),遗传身高与预测终身高的差均值(1.1±1.0)与对照组(1.0±0.4)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),BMI观察组(18.1±3.5)与对照组(16.2±2.3)两组均值比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ADHD儿童的骨龄发育水平较早,体质指数偏高,不影响成年身高。     

Digestive system involvement of infections with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: Clinical manifestations and potential mechanisms

Although coronavirus(CoV)infection is often characterized by respiratory symptoms,the virus can also result in extrapulmonary symptoms,especially the symptoms related to the digestive system.The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is currently the world’s most pressing public health threat and has a significant impact on civil societies and the global economy.The occurrence of digestive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 is closely related to the development and prognosis of the disease.Moreover,thus far,there are no specific antiviral drug or vaccine approved for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.Therefore,we elaborate on the effects of CoVs on the digestive system and the potential underlying mechanisms.     

In vivo Doppler optical coherence tomography of mucocutaneous telangiectases in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

BACKGROUND: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is characterized by mucocutaneous telangiectases and visceral arteriovenous malformations. Knowledge is limited concerning the development hemodynamics of mucocutaneous telangiectases. Doppler optical coherence tomography can demonstrate microvascular blood flow at flow rates as low as 20 microm/second, which is up to approximately 100 times more sensitive than Doppler US. The aims of this study were to collect in vivo Doppler optical coherence tomography images of mucocutaneous telangiectases and normal surrounding mucosa and skin, and to gain experience for an in vivo GI endoscopic study. It was hypothesized that visibly normal areas may have occult telangiectases and that mucocutaneous telangiectases that have bled may have a higher rate of blood flow than mucocutaneous telangiectases with no history of bleeding. METHODS: Twelve patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and mucocutaneous telangiectases were studied. Two to 3 visible mucocutaneous telangiectases on the digits, lips, and tongue were imaged with Doppler optical coherence tomography, along with visually normal surrounding areas at each site. The Doppler optical coherence tomography images were obtained in 0.5 second by using 1310 nm light. RESULTS: A total of 67 mucocutaneous telangiectases from the 12 patients were imaged (38 digit, 16 lip, 13 tongue). Blood flow was demonstrated within every mucocutaneous telangiectasis imaged. Doppler optical coherence tomography did not identify any abnormal vasculature within visually normal areas. Mucocutaneous telangiectases with a history of bleeding (n = 18) were situated closer to the surface, compared with mucocutaneous telangiectases with no bleeding history (n = 49), but there was no difference in the Doppler flow appearance. CONCLUSIONS: Visually normal areas in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia did not appear to have abnormal vasculature. Mucocutaneous telangiectases with a history of bleeding were more superficial but were otherwise similar to mucocutaneous telangiectases with no bleeding history.     

Rectal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to chimpanzees

Inoculation of chimpanzees with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been used as a model system to define mechanisms of pathogenesis and to test protective efficacy of candidate HIV-1 vaccines. In most of these studies, the animals were inoculated intravenously. However, because HIV-1 is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, future evaluations of vaccines should employ mucosal routes for administering infectious virus to immunized animals. To develop a model of rectal transmission of HIV-1, chimpanzees were exposed without trauma to 4 different HIV-1 strains at doses ranging from 200 to 10,000 TCIDs. Infection, characterized by seroconversion and repeated isolation of virus from lymphocytes, was established in 1 of 5 animals. This animal was sequentially inoculated with a subtype B and then an E strain and was infected with both strains. The results show that rectal exposure of adult chimpanzees to cell-free HIV-1 was not an efficient mode of transmission in this cohort.