Porin of Shigella dysenteriae activates mouse peritoneal macrophage through Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce polarized type I response

Porin of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 coexpressed Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 on peritoneal cavity (PerC) macrophages (MPhi) of C57BL/6 mice implicating that both the TLRs are essential as a combinatorial repertoire to recognize the protein. Besides TLRs, mRNA for MyD88 and TRAF6, and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB were enhanced that indicate their involvement in tandem in the activity of porin. The protein selectively up-regulated CD80 on the activated MPhi together with MHC class II molecule and CD40, and had no effect on CD86 expression. The porin-induced profile of MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES showed strong bias for chemokines correlated with M1 polarization. Intracellular expression and release of TNF-alpha and IL-12 in presence of porin was found to be TLR2 and NF-kappaB dependent. Induction of TNF-alpha and IL-12 along with the chemokine profile suggests type I polarization of the MPhi that would influence Th1-type response.     

Use of naltrexone in ketamine dependence

Ketamine is used as a cheap alternative to anaesthetic agents in developing countries. It is also misused as a rave drug because of its psychedelic effect. There are no guidelines for effective management of ketamine withdrawal effects or dependence. Herein we report a case of ketamine dependence and its successful treatment with opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone.     

Noble Metal Organometallic Complexes Display Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 as a devastating viral pathogen with no available preventative or treatment to control what led to the current global pandemic. The continued spread of the virus and increasing death toll necessitate the development of effective antiviral treatments to combat this virus. To this end, we evaluated a new class of organometallic complexes as potential antivirals. Our findings demonstrate that two pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) rhodium piano stool complexes, Cp*Rh(1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene)Cl₂ (complex 2) and Cp*Rh(dipivaloylmethanato)Cl (complex 4), have direct virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. Subsequent in vitro testing suggests that complex 4 is the more stable and effective complex and demonstrates that both 2 and 4 have low toxicity in Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells. The results presented here highlight the potential application of organometallic complexes as antivirals and support further investigation into their activity.     

Phyco-Nanotechnology: New Horizons of Gold Nano-Factories

Nanoparticles are gaining importance as versatile materials showing novel or advanced characteristics as compared to larger particles. Synthesis of nanoparticles is being done via chemical and physical methods, and it restricts the potential applications in fields like biomedical and agriculture. Among the biological resources, algae have a tremendous role in bioconversion to different particles. Several applications of metal nanoparticles and nanomaterials have emerged in recent past. Among these, gold nanoparticles have their significant role owing to their potential use in nanoelectronics, deoxyribonucleic acid labeling and biosensor development. This review paper focuses on the use of algae for gold nanoparticle synthesis and on its potential and future prospects as well. It can be concluded that various factors like different algae, pH, protocol, time and pigments affect the shape, structure, size and yield of gold nanoparticles synthesized by the algae. Further, potential applications of nanoparticles synthesized by different algae have been reported.

     

Recent status of the treatment of stress urinary incontinence

The therapeutic options for management of stress urinary incontinence can be conservative, pharmacological or surgical. The treatment of patients with stress urinary incontinence should be tailored to the individual to optimize care. A multitude of surgical techniques have emerged to treat this condition in recent years. The objective of the present review was to present an overview of current practice in the management of stress urinary incontinence while considering the evidence supporting the clinical effectiveness of these procedures.     

2-Phenylindole and Arylsulphonamide: Novel Scaffolds Bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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Malignant melanoma in a child with giant congenital melanocytic nevus and satellite flekers: A rare entity

Malignant melanomas in the pediatric age are remarkably rare representing 0.9% of various pediatric malignancies. Congenital nevi occur in 1 in 100 newborns, whereas giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) measuring more than 20 cm is seen in 1 in 20 000 cases. Very few cases of malignant melanoma arising from GCMN have been described in English literature. The risk of developing malignant melanoma from GCMN is believed to be directly proportional to the size of the nevus and varies from 2.6% to 20% depending on the size of nevus. We present a case of malignant melanoma in a 12‐year‐old female child who had a congenital giant nevus and multiple satellite flekers all over the body.