Comparison of the inflammatory response between miniaturized and standard CPB circuits in aortic valve surgery.

OBJECTIVE: One of the complications of CPB is the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Recent developments tend to minimize the biological impact of CPB in using miniaturized closed circuit with reduced priming volume and less blood-air interface. The benefit of these miniaturized closed circuits in terms of inflammatory response has been proved in coronary surgery. However, in open heart surgery, the CPB circuit is no more closed and the benefit of the miniaturized set-up could disappear. The aim of the study is to compare the SIRS between standard and miniaturized circuits in aortic surgery. METHODS: Forty patients who underwent singular aortic valve replacement were randomly assigned either to a standard CPB (group A, n=20) or to a miniaturized CPB (group B, n=20). Pertinent clinical and surgical data were collected. Hematological parameters (leukocyte and neutrophil counts) and biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein, cytokine tests) were determined pre-, on and post-CPB. RESULTS: There were an increase in leukocyte and neutrophil counts and a decline in hematocrit in both groups. In both groups, there was a raise after CPB, in C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-alpha, neutrophil elastase, and IL-10. However, the raises of elastase and TNF-alpha were significantly lower after the weaning of miniaturized CPB (116+/-46 ng/ml and 10+/-4 pg/ml, respectively) compared to standard CPB (265+/-120 ng/ml, P=0.01 and 18+/-7 pg/ml, P=0.03). The raise of IL-10 is also lower with miniaturized circuit (15+/-6 pg/ml) compared to standard circuit (51+/-26, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates in aortic surgery, the lesser inflammatory response of a miniaturized CPB compared to a standard CPB. However, there is always some inflammation after CPB and a small bio-reactive free perfusion circuit is still to be found in open heart surgery.     

Accumulation of gliotoxin, a cytotoxic mycotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus, in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis).

A strain of Aspergillus fumigatus has been isolated from sediments of a mussel bed. When cultured in hyper saline conditions (with sea-water), it produces a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive toxin, gliotoxin, which is excreted in an exudate. In order to know if this toxin could represent a risk for shellfish consumers, an experiment of bioaccumulation of gliotoxin in mussel has been carried out. After 6 days of contamination, toxin was accumulated in the meat of the mussels, at a level up to 2.9 microg/mg of extract weight, with a mode of contamination different to the classical digestive process described for a majority of marine toxins, but similar to the contamination mode of domoic acid.     

Efficient RT-PCR on platelet mRNA after long-term storage

We have developed a procedure permitting RT-PCR from mRNA even after a long-term storage (1 year) of platelet samples in ethanol (EtOH-platelets) at −80°C. To validate our method, we have analysed the human platelet alloantigen system (HPA-1) which is coded by β₃ mRNA. We have also demonstrated the efficiency of amplification of part of the coding region for (i) α_IIb subunit mRNA, (ii) α_v subunit mRNA, and (iii) the seven transmembrane domain thrombin receptor mRNA.     

Could proteinuria evaluation be helpful in predicting renal progression in apolipoprotein E-deficient (E-/-) mice with chronic renal failure?

Sir, We read with interest the recent article by Buzello et al. [1]on renal changes in apo E^-/- mice after subtotal nephrectomy.They compared renal lesion development in male wild-type C57BL/6mice with that of genetically modified male apo E^-/- mice aftereither sham operation, unilateral nephrectomy or subtotal nephrectomy(SNX) by removal of 75% of the cortex in one kidney and removalof the contralateral kidney. They found     

Tuberculosis in healthcare workers caring for a congenitally infected infant.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis among infants, family members, and healthcare workers (HCWs) who were exposed to a 29-week-old premature infant with congenital tuberculosis, diagnosed at 102 days of age. DESIGN: A prospective exposure investigation using tuberculin skin test (IST conversion was conducted. Contacts underwent two skin tests 10 to 12 weeks apart. Clinical examination and chest radiographs were performed to rule out disease. Isoniazid prophylaxis was administered to exposed infants at higher risk. SETTING: A neonatal intensive care unit in an urban hospital in Brussels, Belgium. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven infants, 139 HCWs, and 180 visitors. RESULTS: Newly positive TST results occurred in HCWs who had been in close contact with the infant. Six (19%) of 32 primary care nurses and physicians had TST conversions and received treatment. Among the 97 exposed infants, 85 were screened and 34 were identified as at higher risk of infection. Of these, 27 received preventive isoniazid. None of the infants and none of the 93 other infants' family members evaluated were infected. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital tuberculosis in an infant poses a risk for nosocomial transmission to HCWs. Delayed diagnosis of this rare disease and close proximity are the most important factors related to transmission.     

The fast release of mucin secretion from human colonic cells induced by Entamoeba histolytica is dependent on contact and protein kinase C activation.

The mucus producing colonic cell line, LS174T, was used as a model to study E. histolytica-induced mucin secretion. E. histolytica trophozoites in contact with the mucus layer overlying the LS174T cells and in response to PMA, a protein kinase C activator, and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 which elevates intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca]i), caused a time-dependent (0.25-2.00 h) release of mucin. PKC inhibitors, H7 and staurosporine inhibited E. histolytica (37 and 75%) and PMA (46 and 100%)-induced mucin secretion, whereas in response to Ca2+ ionophore mucin secretion was augmented (56 and 17%). Both PMA and E. histolytica-induced the translocation of the PKC enzyme from the cytoplasm to the membrane fraction with increased enzyme activity. These results suggest that even though mucin secretion can be induced by PKC and Ca(2+)-dependent pathways, E. histolytica evokes the fast release of mucins by a PKC-dependent mechanism.     

Seizures with Onset in the Sensorimotor Face Area: Clinical Patterns and Results of Surgical Treatment in 20 Patients

Summary: It is not generally appreciated that intractable seizures involving the face area are amenable to surgical treatment. Twenty patients with onset of sensorimotor seizures in the face area of the pre- and postcentral gyri have been studied and surgically treated since 1948. Seizures started in the face, tongue, or throat, followed by diverse patterns depending on spread of seizure activity. Two patients had epilepsia partialis continua; 6 had either tonic or atonic drop attacks. All patients had pre- and postcentral face area resections, 12 in the dominant hemisphere. In addition, 3 had more extensive postcentral removal, 7 had temporal lobe, and 4 had small separate or contiguous frontal or parietal resection. Because the seizures were not sufficiently reduced by the first operation, 6 required reoperation; 4 of these patients had residual epileptiform activity on electrocorticogram (ECoG) after the first resection. Three patients had new neurologic signs that did not return to the preoperative level, but in 2 of them the deficit related mainly to higher resection in the central area. All but 2 of these 20 patients had at least moderate seizure reduction. Corticectomy can be performed for treatment of seizures arising in the lower central area and usually does not lead to significant permanent neurologic deficit.     

Anti-tumor immunotherapy via antigen delivery from a live attenuated genetically engineered Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system-based vector.

Immunotherapy requiring an efficient T lymphocyte response is initiated by antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells. Several studies have assessed the efficiency of various antigen loading procedures, including microbial vectors. Here a live strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was engineered to translocate a recombinant antigenic protein into mammalian cells via the type III secretion system, a bacterial device translocating effector proteins into host cells. Optimization of the vector included virulence attenuation and determination of the N-terminal sequence allowing translocation of fused antigens into cells. In vitro delivery of an ovalbumin fragment by the bacterial vector into dendritic cells induced the activation of ovalbumin-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Mice injected with the ovalbumin-delivering vector developed ovalbumin-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes and were resistant to a subsequent challenge with an ovalbumin-expressing melanoma. Moreover, in a curative assay, injection of the vaccine vector 5 and 12 days after tumor implantation led to a complete cure in five of six animals. These results highlight the utility of type III secretion system-based vectors for anti-tumor immunotherapy.