大肠肿瘤组织中EB病毒的原位杂交检测

目的：探讨EB病毒感染与人大肠癌发生的关系。方法：用原位分子杂交法对130例人大肠癌标本中EB病毒小分子RNA片段进行检测。结果：130例标本中有6例（4.48％）癌组织呈阳性反应，其中4例为男性，4例有明显淋巴细胞浸润。结论：EB病毒感染可能与我国部分大肠腺癌的发生有关，肿瘤细胞间质中大量淋巴细胞浸润可能是EB病毒感染的重要病理学特征。     

选择性环氧化酶—2抑制剂的研究现状及应用评价

选择性环氧化酶（COX）-2抑制剂可有效地治疗炎症，同时避免或减轻由于抑制COX-1而导致的毒副作用。有乐观的临床应用前景，但其不良反应亦不容忽视，寻找临床评价好的选择性COX-2抑制剂是当前非甾体类抗类药物研究的重点。     

PRK术后转化生长因子β1mRNA表达的实验研究

目的：探讨准分子激光角膜切削术（PRK）后转化生长因子β1（TGF－β1）在角膜伤口愈合和解膜雾状混浊发病机制中的作用。方法：将24只新西兰大白兔（24只眼）随机分为正常组（n＝4）和手术组(n=20)。手术组每只左眼行PRK术，术中采用准分子激光器，角膜中央激光去上皮，然后按－10.00D近视进行切削，分别于术后第7d,14d,28d和3月于裂隙灯下观察记录角膜haze的变化并处死动物，将角膜组织制成石蜡切片，应用原位杂交技术检测角膜缲TGF－β1mRNA的表达。结果：①从术后第7d开始，术眼均不同程度地发生了角膜haze，严重者可达3级，haze高峰约在术后第28d。②正常角膜上皮中TGF－β1mRNA有低水平表达，PRK术后第7d,14d和28d，角膜上皮TGF－β1mRNA表达明显增高。术后3月已开始降低；正常组角膜基质中未检测出TGF－β1mRNA，术后第7d,14,和28d，角膜基质中TGF－β1mRNA表达明显增高，术后3月已开始降低。结论：TGF－β1可能参与了PRK术后的伤口愈合，它可能通过促进角膜基质细胞的增殖和细胞外基质的合成而促进角膜haze的发生。     

No impact of repeated endoscopic screens on gastric cancer mortality in a prospectively followed Chinese population at high risk.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths in China. Our study prospectively evaluated the impact of repeated endoscopic screens on GC mortality in a high-risk population in China. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1999, a population-based gastroscopic screening was conducted in 4,394 residents of Linqu County, China, a region with the highest rates of GC worldwide. Residents ages 35 to 64 years received initial gastroscopies with biopsies in 1989. Repeated endoscopies were performed in 1994 and 1999. Cancer occurrences and deaths were actively monitored throughout the entire period until July 2000. Mortality from GC was compared with expected values based on mortality rates obtained for Linqu in the 1990-1992 Chinese Cancer Mortality Survey. RESULTS: Between March 1989 and July 2000, 39,303 person-years were accumulated; 85 new GCs occurred, 29 (34.5%) were in early stage. Fifty-eight cases (68%) were identified at one of the screens. The number of observed deaths from GC (37) was close to the expected (36.8). The standardized mortality ratio was 1.01 (95% CI 0.72-1.37) for the entire cohort, 1.13 (95% CI 0.77-1.57) for males, and 0.65 (95% CI 0.26-1.32) for females. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high population coverage with repeated screens, no reduction in GC mortality was observed in this high-risk population in China.     

The effect of pressurized carbon dioxide as a temporary plasticizer and foaming agent on the hot stage extrusion process and extrudate properties of solid dispersions of itraconazole with PVP-VA 64.

The aim of the current research project was to explore the possibilities of combining pressurized carbon dioxide with hot stage extrusion during manufacturing of solid dispersions of itraconazole and polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate 64 (PVP-VA 64) and to evaluate the ability of the pressurized gas to act as a temporary plasticizer as well as to produce a foamed extrudate. Pressurized carbon dioxide was injected into a Leistritz Micro 18 intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw melt extruder using an ISCO 260D syringe pump. The physicochemical characteristics of the extrudates with and without injection of carbon dioxide were evaluated with reference to the morphology of the solid dispersion and dissolution behaviour and particle properties. Carbon dioxide acted as plasticizer for itraconazole/PVP-VA 64, reducing the processing temperature during the hot stage extrusion process. Amorphous dispersions were obtained and the solid dispersion was not influenced by the carbon dioxide. Release of itraconazole from the solid dispersion could be controlled as a function of processing temperature and pressure. The macroscopic morphology changed to a foam-like structure due to expansion of the carbon dioxide at the extrusion die. This resulted in increased specific surface area, porosity, hygroscopicity and improved milling efficiency.     

Calcium-activated proteolysis of intracellular domains in the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and N-cadherin.

One of the consequences of increased intracellular calcium in response to a variety of physiological stimuli is the calcium activation of cytosolic proteases. Unlike lysosomal proteases with broad specificity, these calcium-activated neutral proteases show limited proteolysis of a restricted set of substrate proteins suggesting they may play a regulatory role in cellular physiology. In this study we show that the neural cell adhesion molecules NCAM-180 and N-cadherin are substrates for such endogenous calcium-activated neutral proteases. In contrast, a third neural cell adhesion molecule G4/L1 was not susceptible to calcium-activated proteolysis. The threshold for activation of NCAM and N-cadherin proteolysis is in the micromolar range of calcium suggesting that NCAM and N-cadherin are substrates for a mu-type calpain (calpain I). The site recognized by this protease is within intracellular domains of NCAM-180 and N-cadherin which are important for their interaction with cytoskeletal components. These results suggest that calcium-activated proteolysis at these sites in vivo could disrupt the linkage between extracellular ligand binding to these adhesion molecules and the normal intracellular effectors of such extracellular binding events.     

阴沟肠杆菌超广谱β—内酰胺酶、诱导酶的检出与耐药相关性的分析

目的：了解阴沟肠杆菌超广谱β－内酰胺酶和诱导酶的产生和分布情况。并分析产酶特性和耐药表型的相关性。方法：用纸片扩散确证法和相邻纸片法对104株阴沟肠杆菌进行超广谱β－内酰胺酶及诱导酶的检测，用VITEK全自动药敏分析系统和K－B琼脂扩散法检测其对20种抗生素的耐药性。结果：104例阴沟肠杆菌中，检出超广谱β－内酰胺酶阳性株77株，占74％，诱导酶阳性株26株，占25％，13株两种酶同时阳性。超广谱β－内酰胺酶阳性株主要集中在几个病区，诱导酶阳性株则无此倾向，104株菌对多种怀素高度耐药，产超广谱β－内酰胺酶株的耐药率明显高于非产酶株，产诱导酶株的耐药率反而低于非产酶株。结论：阴沟肠杆菌产酶情况和耐药性均十分严重。多重耐药的主要原因是由于菌株产生超广谱β－内酰胺酶，产酶株对三代头孢的体外敏感试验不能正确反映临床的治疗效果。实验室应加强阴肠杆菌产酶情况的检测，治疗产酶阴沟肠杆菌引起的感染，首选亚胺培南，其次为舒普深，任何情况下应避免使用三代头孢。     

Measuring the Quality of Hospital-based Domestic Violence Programs

OBJECTIVE: To obtain consensus among a panel of experts on performance measures useful for evaluating the quality of hospital-based domestic violence (DV) programs. METHODS: The Delphi process of consensus development was used with a panel of 18 experts including DV researchers, program planners, and advocates. Three rounds were conducted over a period of six months, with each round involving the completion of a written questionnaire. Panelists were instructed to concentrate on structure and process measures of DV program performance. Health outcome measures were not considered. During each round, panelists rated (scale of 1-5) their level of agreement with each measure, in terms of the measure's usefulness for evaluating hospital-based DV programs. Data were entered into SPSS on a personal computer and frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, and variance were computed for each measure. Consensus development was defined as a reduction in the item-specific variance from one round to the next. RESULTS: A total of 37 performance measures were agreed upon. These measures fell within nine different domains of DV program activities, including: Policies and Procedures, Hospital Physical Environment, Hospital Cultural Environment, Training of Providers, Screening and Safety Assessment, Documentation, Intervention Services, Evaluation Activities, and Collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: A number of measures have been identified as useful for evaluating hospital-based DV programs. Use of these measures should assist researchers, program planners, and administrators in assessing the quality of hospital-based DV programs.     

Quality in Clinical Practice

This paper reports the proceedings of the discussion panel assigned to look at clinical aspects of quality in emergency medicine. One of the seven stated objectives of the Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference on quality in emergency medicine was to educate emergency physicians regarding quality measures and quality improvement as essential aspects of the practice of emergency medicine. Another topic of interest was a discussion of the value of information technology in facilitating quality care in the clinical practice of emergency medicine. It is important to note that this is not intended to be a comprehensive review of this extensive topic, but instead is designed to report the discussion that occurred at this session of the consensus conference.