考虑负荷多无功用电场景的城市配电网无功优化配置

高比例电力电子设备与高比例分布式光伏的广泛接入以及城市电缆化率的提升,使配电网用户侧的无功特性变得复杂,导致负荷无功用电不确定性增加,不利于配电网安全运行。因此,为了更好地进行无功优化配置,文章采用不同负荷日功率因数变化曲线的组合场景及其概率来反映无功用电的不确定性,以运行成本的期望值最小为目标,建立多无功用电场景的期望值优化配置模型。首先,利用多重一维卷积自编码器(one-dimensional convolutional autoencoders,1D-CAEs)提取不同用户日功率因数数据的低维表征;随后,利用k-means方法进行场景缩减,获得典型日功率因数变化场景,并组合出多用户的场景集;最后,建立期望值无功优化模型,采用粒子群算法求解,确定出最优配置方案。依据上海市某配电网不同类型用户实际的无功用电信息,采用改进的IEEE 33节点系统进行仿真,以验证所提方法的有效性。     

考虑电能交互共享的虚拟电厂集群多时间尺度协调运行策略

虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)作为整合“源-荷-储”多环节资源的新一代智能控制技术,能够打破地域限制,实现广域范围内的能源互联共享。为应对同一区域内不同VPP“源-荷”资源差异性,解决分布式可再生能源(distributed renewable energy,DRE)波动性与用电行为不确定性造成的功率实时平衡问题,引入集群服务商对包含多类型VPP的集群进行合理管控,构建包含多异质DRE、可控机组、储能、电动汽车以及可控负荷的VPP集群系统架构。对VPP集群内部电能互济进行独立定价以激励VPP参与联合调度,针对随机变量可预测性和累积误差随决策时间推进逐步增加的特性,建立包含日前协调调度与日内滚动优化的两阶段联合优化模型,日前阶段侧重于多VPP集群参与外部市场交易和内部电能互济,日内阶段侧重于VPP功率平衡降低偏差,形成多VPP间电能共享交互的多时间尺度调度策略;最后,以整合不同分布式能源的多VPP集群系统为例进行仿真分析,结果表明,通过多VPP协调互动和多时间尺度滚动优化,有效改善VPP集群系统电能均衡问题,显著提升整体运行经济性。     

考虑多重因素的空调负荷聚合响应潜力评估及控制策略研究

空调负荷已成为电力系统重要的需求响应资源,但由于其类型差异性、接入分散性,造成调度中心难以直接获取其聚合功率并开展调度控制,限制了响应潜力发挥。对此,提出考虑空调负荷聚合响应潜力多类型资源协同调度与精准控制相结合的双层调控框架。在日前调度层,基于近似聚合模型获取空调负荷聚合功率,考虑用户热舒适度、意愿度及可控度等多重因素,建立空调负荷聚合响应潜力评估模型,获取其聚合响应潜力,并结合基础柔性负荷响应特性建立联合调度模型,充分挖掘负荷侧多类型资源参与系统调节的潜力;在日内控制层,针对执行降负荷调温控制策略中空调群组功率跌落现象,为引导其有序参与电网需求响应,建立变状态数的状态队列模型,并引入准备时间对参数异质空调集群进行分组控制,使空调负荷跟随调度计划,提升控制精度,缓解功率跌落对系统运行产生的影响。最后,通过某简化配网系统进行仿真分析,结果表明:所提双层调控框架在调度层可深度挖掘并引导利用空调负荷响应潜力,在控制层实现精准控制并削弱功率跌落负面影响,工程应用价值显著。     

Modelling and Thermal Analysis of Tray‐layered Fruits inside Ventilated Packages during Forced‐air Precooling

Ventilated packaging is widely used in the forced‐air precooling practice for horticultural produce. Fresh fruits are living organisms which are sensitive to temperature in turn related to airflow and heat transfer inside package. In this study, a transient mathematical model considering heat of respiration and evaporation is developed to predict the thermal response of tray‐layered fruits in ventilated packages during forced‐air precooling. Specifically, the heat source is combined with the energy conservation equation and loaded into numerical solution by User Defined Function (UDF). Temperature profiles of three variously distributed circular and oblong vents in three different patterns (spaced, paralleled and crossed stacking) are simulated, separately. The results show that the heat source affects fruit cooling process, and the layered fruit in paralleled stacking pattern tends to be cooled better than others. Furthermore, the results indicate that vertical oblong vent could improve the longitudinal and lateral airflow, while non‐central vent design could greatly improve the overall cooling performance. Definitely a triangular distribution of three circular vents was superior to laterally distributed centre vents with 66.5% higher uniformity and 2.5°C lower of the highest temperature. Compared with the three identical vertical oblong vent conditions, vent design with one hand hole and two side vertical oblong vents can be cooled more uniformly with an increase of 6.5%. It is revealed that vents with large major‐to‐minor axis ratio could be applied to balance airflow and ease cooling differences for a rapid but uniform cooling. Experimental validations were performed for Sim2, Sim4 and Sim6, Sim8, Sim9, and good agreement was obtained considering the five vent conditions with the error less than 3.5°C but coordinated later (within the limits of the experimental uncertainty).Thus the numerical model can be used to predict and optimize temperature distribution within precooling packages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交互性在提升电商网站用户忠诚中的应用策略分析

目的对电商网站的交互性进行分析。方法通过文献调研划分交互行为,在竞品分析和深度访谈等定性研究的基础上,编撰调查问卷并开展大规模调查,回收定量数据,结合电商网站的特性,运用SPSS主成分分析法对交互因子进行提取研究。结论电商网站的交互因子可以概括为相关性、真实性和关系性3个方向,从信息交互和社会交互两个维度有针对性地探索各交互因子的应用策略,可以有效提升电商网站的用户忠诚。     

PD‐1 Blockade for Improving the Antitumor Efficiency of Polymer–Doxorubicin Nanoprodrug

Chemotherapy is well recognized to induce immune responses during some chemotherapeutic drugs‐mediated tumor eradication. Here, a strategy involving blocking programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect of a doxorubicin nanoprodrug HA‐Psi‐DOX is proposed and the synergetic mechanism between them is further studied. The nanoprodrugs are fabricated by conjugating doxorubicin (DOX) to an anionic polymer hyaluronic acid (HA) via a tumor overexpressed matrix metalloproteinase sensitive peptide (CPLGLAGG) for tumor targeting and enzyme‐activated drug release. Once accumulated at the tumor site, the nanoprodrug can be activated to release antitumor drug by tumor overexpressed MMP‐2. It is found that HA‐Psi‐DOX nanoparticles can kill tumor cells effectively and initiate an antitumor immune response, leading to the upregulation of interferon‐γ. This cytokine promotes the expression of programmed cell death protein‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) on tumor cells, which will cause immunosuppression after interacting with PD‐1 on the surface of lymphocytes. The results suggest that the therapeutic efficiency of HA‐Psi‐DOX nanoparticles is significantly improved when combined with checkpoint inhibitors anti‐PD‐1 antibody (α‐PD1) due to the neutralization of immunosuppression by blocking the interaction between PD‐L1 and PD‐1. This therapeutic system by combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy further increases the link between conventional tumor therapies and immunotherapy.     

Atomic disorders in layer structured topological insulator SnBi<Subscript>2</Subscript>Te<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoplates

Identification of atomic disorders and their subsequent control has proven to be a key issue in predicting, understanding, and enhancing the properties of newly emerging topological insulator materials. Here, we demonstrate direct evidence of the cation antisites in single-crystal SnBi₂Te₄ nanoplates grown by chemical vapor deposition, through a combination of sub-ångström-resolution imaging, quantitative image simulations, and density functional theory calculations. The results of these combined techniques revealed a recognizable amount of cation antisites between Bi and Sn, and energetic calculations revealed that such cation antisites have a low formation energy. The impact of the cation antisites was also investigated by electronic structure calculations together with transport measurement. The topological surface properties of the nanoplates were further probed by angle-dependent magnetotransport, and from the results, we observed a two-dimensional weak antilocalization effect associated with surface carriers. Our approach provides a pathway to identify the antisite defects in ternary chalcogenides and the application potential of SnBi2Te4 nanostructures in next-generation electronic and spintronic devices.

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Hilbert‐shaped complementary ring resonator and application to enhanced‐performance low pass filter with high selectivity

In this article, a novel single negative metamaterial (MTM) transmission line (TL) consisting of a Hilbert‐shaped complementary ring resonator (H‐CRR) on the ground plane is initially presented and studied in depth. Then based on the proposed MTM TL, a novel six‐section Hi‐Lo microstrip low‐pass filter (LPF) with a cut‐off frequency 2.5 GHz is developed, fabricated, and measured. Measurement results indicate that: by integrating H‐CRR, the selectivity has been significantly improved which is 77.3 dB/GHz due to the single negative permittivity; by etching a crown square on low‐impedance section, the bandwidth characterized by 20 dB return loss was obviously enhanced by 26.2% and the maximal sidelobe level of in‐band return loss was reduced from 22 to 24.6 dB. What' more, the developed LPF achieved a 36.3% size reduction with respect to its conventional counterpart. The design concept, which was confirmed by the measurement data, is of practical value and can be popularized in other microwave devices where high selectivity is requested. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2011.     

基于贝叶斯理论的支持向量机综述

支持向量机(SVM)以其坚实的理论基础,和在机器学习领域表现出的良好推广性能,获得了越来越广泛的关注。为更好地推进其发展,科研工作者们借鉴统计学中经典的贝叶斯理论,做了大量工作,例如:引进贝叶斯理论中先验知识、后验概率等概念,改进支持向量机中的判别准则;或利用贝叶斯理论估计支持向量机中的参数w、正规化参数以及核参数等。目前已取得不错的效果,使支持向量机理论更具有实用价值。     

基于模糊控制的驾驶疲劳检测

提出了一种判断疲劳程度的新方法,通过检测眼睛、嘴巴状态和头部位置等能够反应疲劳的生理特征,利用模糊控制器推理,得到人的疲劳状态的数值表示,改善了疲劳或者非疲劳的二值表示形式.通过肤色识别和阚值选取等方法得到人眼检测,进行边界提取的结果优于边缘检测.利用fisher线性分类器进行嘴唇和肤色的分类,提高了检测速度.模糊推理更精确的反应了人的疲劳程度,实验结果表明了检测方法的有效性和可信性.