Building the future an atom at a time: Realizing feynman’s vision

Since Feynman’s 1959 lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” and particularly in the last 15 years, advances in instrumentation have permitted us to observe and characterize materials at atomic scale. New and even more powerful capabilities are rapidly becoming available. At the same time, our theoretical understanding and ability to model complex systems have matured to a level that enables us to begin making useful predictions in many areas, with the promise of further progress as we approach petascale computing. Progress in making and structuring nanoscale materials in commercially useful quantities is also being made, albeit more selectively. Exploiting chemistry and biochemistry to mimic nature’s accomplishments in living systems is a promising approach that is opening new possibilities. The remarkable progress of the last few years is already producing technological advances, and more can be expected as investments in nanoscience and nanotechnology increase. Just as advances in information technology during the second half of the 20th century produced dramatic technological, economic, and societal changes, so the coming nanoscale revolution will affect virtually every aspect of life in the 21st century. with Erik W. Pearson Since 1975, Dr. Madia has been a leader in research and research management at Battelle. His extensive experience in setting organizational vision, maximizing research output, and building complex teams has served Battelle and the nation for more than three decades. Dr. Madia currently leads Battelle’s Laboratory Operations business, where he oversees the management or co-management of five U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Idaho National Laboratory. His portfolio includes Battelle’s Strategic Project Management business and various lab-based commercialization initiatives. Previously, he spearheaded the strategy and execution of Battelle/University of Tennessee (UT)’s winning bid to operate the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Here, he also served as Director, ORNL, the largest multiprogram national laboratory with 3800 staff and research revenues exceeding $1 billion. In addition to completing the $1.4 billion Spallation Neutron Source project, his agenda for ORNL was shaped by a commitment to achieve simultaneous excellence in the areas of science and technology, laboratory operations, and community service. Dr. Madia’s widely recognized leadership at ORNL was strengthened from his tenure as Director of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, WA. From 1994 to 1999, he focused PNNL’s mission on environmental science and technology, launched a $60 million cost reduction and productivity program, and oversaw the construction of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory—the first major DOE scientific user facility built on PNNL’s campus. Before leading the national laboratories at Richland and Oak Ridge, Dr. Madia managed Battelle’s global environmental business, overseeing an $800 million portfolio that included developing environmental restoration and waste management technologies, along with environmental systems and planning. Earlier, as president of Battelle Technology International, he led Battelle’s research, development, and applications efforts involving more than 4100 scientists, engineers, and support personnel at major laboratory facilities in Columbus, OH; Frankfurt, Germany; and Geneva, Switzerland. Dr. Madia also served as director of Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, managing a staff of 3200. In each of these positions, he concentrated on moving science and technology out of the laboratory and into commercial applications. Prior to these assignments, he was corporate vice president and general manager of Battelle’s Project Management Division, where he managed Battelle’s Systems Engineering business. Throughout his career, Dr. Madia has earned many awards and honors, including the Secretary of Energy’s Gold Award and DOE’s Distinguished Associate Award. He was named “Laboratory Director of the Year” in 1999 by the Federal Laboratory Consortium and was nominated for the National Medal of Technology. He also received the Sigma Xi Research Award in Chemistry from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and a U.S. Army Commendation Medal for nuclear engineering while serving in the military. Dr. Madia is the author of numerous journal articles in the fields of radiochemistry and quantum mechanics as well as technical reports and publications in the field of nuclear technology. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania, where he is a “Distinguished Alumnus.” He earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He serves on numerous civic, charitable, and corporate boards. He and his wife Audrey have three sons.     

Investigation of bounds on particle packing in pebble-bed high temperature reactors

Models and methods are presented for determining practical limits of the packing density of TRISO particles in fuel pebbles for a pebble-bed reactor (PBR). These models are devised for designing and interpreting fuel testing experiments. Two processes for particle failure are accounted for: failure of touching particles at the pressing stage in the pebble manufacturing process and failure due to inner pressure buildup during irradiation. The second process gains importance with increasing fuel temperature, which limits the particle packing density and the corresponding fuel enrichment. Suggestions for improvements to the models are presented.     

Degradation of polyethylene terephthalate films in the presence of lubricants for HFC 134a: a critical issue for hermetic motor insulation systems

Earlier studies conducted in the use of sealed tubes with polyalkylene glycol lubricants and polyethylene terephthalete (PET) films revealed that the PET films exhibited embrittlement and (visual) degradation. This led to an investigation of PET embrittlement mechanisms with the new lubricants used with HFC 134a. The lubricants studied were three polypropylene glycols (the monol, the diol and the completely end-capped glycols), pentaerythritol ester and a blend of monol and ester. The effects of moisture content, temperature and lubricant structure were studied. All lubricants in this study were of viscosity grade ISO-32 (150 SUS). The results were compared to PET film embrittlement in the presence of CFC 12 and mineral oil. This study reconfirmed the earlier findings that the PET films must be dried to lower than 0.1 wt.% moisture content for use in hermetic systems. This paper discusses the effect of the moisture content of the lubricant and the effect of the lubricant structure on PET films. The dependence of the various mechanisms on temperature is shown. Esters and end-capped polyalkylene glycols are recommended for use with HFC 134a.     

The amylose and lipid contents,dimensions, and gelatinisation characteristics of some wheat starches and their A- and B-granule fractions

Starches isolated from 23 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum) and 26 durum wheats (T. durum) contained 26.3-30.6% (mean 29.1%) total amylose, 19.3–25.1% (mean 22.9%) apparent amylose and 783–1144mg 100g^?1 (mean 977 mg 100g^?1) lysophos-pholipids. Gelatinisation temperatures were 57.3–64.9°C (mean 61.8°C) and enthalpies 6.4–11.8 Jg^?1 (mean 9.7Jg^?1) in excess water, measured by differential scanning calorimetry. There were no correlations between any of these parameters. Starch granule size distributions were determined with a Coulter Counter and 100–channel analyser. A-granule mean volumes were 1235–2585μm³ (av. 1778), modal volumes 863–1804μm³ (av. 1264), mean diameters 13.9–16.0μm (av. 13.99), and specific surface areas 0.236–0.302m²g^?1. B-granule mean volumes were 35.4–100.4μm³ (av. 55.9), modal volumes 16.5–54.5μm³ (av. 27.7), mean diameters 3.66–5.07μm (av. 4.09), and specific surface areas 0.684–0.920m²g^?1. The B-granule contents of the starches were 12.8–34.6% (av. 27.3) by weight (sedimentation method) and 13.0–37.3% (av. 24.0) by volume (Coulter method), the latter being the more accurate method.     

Changes in Δ5- and Δ7-sterols during germination and seedling development ofCucurbita maximaduring germination and seedling development ofCucurbita maxima

While seeds ofCucurbita maxima contain both Δ⁵- and Δ⁷-sterols, the former, which have been described earlier, now have been found to disappear during germination. This suggests that a function exists for the Δ⁵-compounds only in the early part of the life cycle ofC. maxima, unlike most of the other higher plants studied. In contrast to the Δ⁵-sterols, the level of Δ⁷-sterols increased during germination as well as during seedling development and maturation. The period of transition between germination and seedling development appeared to be of special importance in terms of sterol changes. This period represented a surge of sterol biosynthesis with an ontogenetic shift in sterol composition from approximately equal amounts of 24α- and 24β-ethyl stereochemistry to a predominance of the former. The sterol composition of the mature plants included only about 5% of the 24β-ethylsterols. The configurational relationships were demonstrated by high resolution¹H-NMR. The sterols of the mature plants were: 25(27)-dehydrochondrillasterol, 24β-ethyl-25(27)-dehydrolathosterol, avenasterol, spinasterol, 22-dihydrospinasterol and 24ξ-methyllathosterol. Based on the changes which occurred in the relative amounts of the Δ⁷-sterols, it did not appear that the Δ⁵-components were being converted to their Δ⁷-analogs. A portion of this work was presented at the meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society in May, 1985 in Philadelphia.     

Non-contact flood discharge measurements using an X-band pulse radar (I) theory

This article describes a non-contact method for measuring surface velocity and discharge in a natural channel. The X-band pulse (9.36 GHz) radar, developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington, was used to scan instantaneously the lateral distribution of surface velocity across a river section, according to Bragg scattering from short waves produced by turbulent boils on the surface of the river. Based on the assumption that the vertical velocity distribution follows a universal power or logarithmic law, the discharges were estimated.     

On the use of confidence levels in risk management

A framework for incorporating uncertainty in risk management is developed and applied to two aspects of decision making: meeting standards or safety goals, and cost-benefit criteria. The framework is applied to several case studies including toxic chemicals in water, failure of civil engineering structures and nuclear power plants. The framework proposes that decisions be based on a level of confidence, in addition to comparing best estimate or point values with standards and goals.     

Behavioural research in telematics.

Discusses telematics, a new field of behavioral research in Canada that has grown with the technical developments in which computers and telecommunications have been combined. Three domains of behavioral research reflect relationships between humans and the technology and use the evidence and methods of different areas of psychology: (1) interface studies address perception and performance questions, (2) dialog studies focus on cognitive processes, and (3) impact studies investigate social relations and how institutions and individuals are affected by telematics. Studies conducted during the past 5 yrs by the Behavioural Research and Evaluation division of the Department of Communications, Government of Canada, are described in each of these 3 domains. Behavioral research in telematics is expected to be an increasingly important activity in which psychologists may play an active part as the technology disseminates. (French abstract) (47 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dealkylation of various 14-alkylsterols by the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans

The metabolism of 4 dietary 24-alkylsterols was investigated in the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. The major unesterified sterols ofC. elegans in media supplemented with either campesterol, 22-dihydrobrassicasterol or stigmasterol included cholesta-5,7-dienol, cholesterol, cholest-7-enol, and 4α-methylcholest-8(14)-enol. Dietary stigmastanol yielded cholest-7-enol, cholestanol, cholest-8(14)-enol, and 4α-methylcholest-8(14)-enol as major unesterified sterols. Esterified sterols comprised less than 22% of the total sterol. Removal of a C-24 ethyl substituent of sterols was neither hindered by the presence of a Δ²²-bond in the sterol side chain nor was it depedent on unsaturation in ring B of the steroid nucleus.C. elegans reduced a Δ²²-bond during its metabolism of stigmasterol; it did not introduce a Δ²²-bond during stigmastanol metabolism.C. elegans was capable of removing a C-24 methyl substituent regardless of its stereochemical orientation. Metabolic processes involving the steroid ring system of cholesterol (C-7 dehydrogenation, Δ⁵-bond, 4α-methylation, Δ⁸⁽¹⁴⁾-isomerization inC. elegans were not hindered by the presence of a 24-methyl group; various 24-methylsterol metabolites from campesterol were detected, mostly 24-methylcholesta-5,7-dienol. In contrast, no 24-ethylsterol metabolites from the dietary ethylsterols were found. More dietary 24-methylsterol remained unmetabolized than did dietary 24-ethylsterol. A 24α-ethyl group and a 24β-methyl group were dealkylated to a greater extent byC. elegans than was a 24α-methyl group, perhaps reflecting the substrate specificity of the dealkylation enzyme system, or suggesting different enzymes altogether.     

Pollution-prevention analysis and the quenching of steels

With the goal of improving process efficiency and reducing risk, this article describes a pollution-prevention analysis technique that can be applied to most secondary steel heat-treating operations involving quenching. Costs, risk assessments, and pollution-prevention options are discussed, as are the effects of quenching on two subsequent processes—parts cleaning and tempering. In contrast to many process comparisons, the issues of worker exposure, material safety and toxicity, liability, waste reduction, reclamation, and disposal are emphasized.