Plants are commonly attacked by more than one species of herbivore, potentially causing the induction of multiple, and possibly competing, plant defense systems. In the present paper, we determined the interaction between feeding by the phloem feeder silverleaf whitefly (SWF), Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (B-biotype = B. argentifolii Bellows and Perring), and the leaf-chewing beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua Hübner, with regard to the induction of volatile compounds from cotton plants. Compared to undamaged control plants, infestation with SWF did not induce volatile emissions or affect the number and density of pigment glands that store volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid compounds, whereas infestation by BAW strongly induced plant volatile emission. When challenged by the two insect herbivores simultaneously, volatile emission was significantly less than for plants infested with only BAW. Our results suggest that tritrophic level interactions between cotton, BAW, and natural enemies of BAW, that are known to be mediated by plant volatile emissions, may be perturbed by simultaneous infestation by SWF. Possible mechanisms by which the presence of whiteflies may attenuate volatile emissions from caterpillar-damaged cotton plants are discussed. 相似文献
A key component of a hydrogen fuel cell is a catalyst to dissociate dihydrogen to hydrogen atoms. In the present study, the adsorption of hydrogen on Pt/C fuel cell catalysts has been investigated by inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy.
Monitoring a clean Pt(50%)/C catalyst with low energy neutron spectroscopy, after exposure to dihydrogen at 20 K, as it was heated to room temperature, showed three distinct temperature regimes: (i) a decrease in intensity from 10 to 60 K, (ii) a rise to a maximum between 60 and 120 K and then (iii) a slow fall-off towards room temperature. We assign the three regions as: (i) desorption of physisorbed dihydrogen, (ii) dissociation of dihydrogen to give an adsorbed layer and (iii) damping of the response by an increasing Debye–Waller factor.
The vibrational INS spectra of a series of Pt/C catalysts prepared under varying conditions were similar indicating that the same types of site are common to all the catalysts, although the relative proportions of each site are sample dependent. Features at 520, 950 and part of the intensity at 1300 cm−1 are assigned to hydrogen on (1 1 1) faces, in good agreement with single crystal data. The mode at 640 cm−1 is assigned as the doubly degenerate asymmetric stretch of Pt(1 0 0) faces with the symmetric stretch near 550 cm−1.
We assign the bending mode of the on-top site to the feature at 470 cm−1. The Pt–H stretch mode was observed at 2079 cm−1. This is a significant result: this is the first time that hydrogen on the on-top sites has been observed on nanosized platinum particles supported on high surface area carbon black. The width of the INS peak is surprisingly large and may give additional information on the type and relative proportions of the crystallographic faces present on the catalyst particles. 相似文献
Rat hepatocytes in monolayer culture were utilized to determine if the decrease in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
activity resulting from the ingestion of fat can be mimicked by the addition of fatty acids to a chemically, hormonally defined
medium. G6PD activity in cultured hepatocytes was induced several-fold by insulin. Dexamethasone or T3 did not amplify the
insulin induction of G6PD. Glucose alone increased G6PD activity in cultured hepatocytes from fasted donors by nearly 500%.
Insulin in combination with glucose induced G6PD an additional two-fold. The increase in G6PD activity caused by glucose was
greater in hepatocytes isolated from 72 hr-fasted rats as compared to fed donor rats. Such a response was reminiscent of the
“overshoot” phenomenon in which G6PD activity is induced well above the normal level by fasting-refeeding rats a high glucose
diet. Addition of linoleate to the medium resulted in a significant suppression of insulin’s ability to induce G6PD, but linoleate
had no effect on the induction of G6PD activity by glucose alone. A shift to the right in the insulin-response curve for the
induction of G6PD also was detected for the induction of malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Arachidonate (0.25 mM) was
a significantly more effective inhibitor of the insulin action than linoleate was. Apparently rat hepatocytes in monolayer
culture can be utilized as a model to investigate the molecular mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit the production of lipogenic
enzymes. In part, this mechanism of fatty acid inhibition involves desensitization of hepatocytes to the lipogenic action
of insulin. 相似文献
Alumina enriched in 17O was successfully fabricated from aluminum isopropoxide and water containing the 17O isotope. This material was necessary for an experiment to study the radiation damage expected in alumina exposed to a nuclear fusion reactor environment. The enrichment levels of specimens subjected to different preparation schedules were measured using a nuclear reaction analysis technique. Replacement of the 17O isotope in the ceramic by atmospheric oxygen occurred readily. Therefore, successful fabrication of suitably enriched alumina specimens required that all processing steps be performed under vacuum or inertgas environments. The optimum fabrication procedure produced enriched alumina specimens of >99.5% of theoretical density, ∽10-μm grain size, and a flexural strength of 280 MPa. 相似文献
Macrocycle-mediated fluxes of Cd(NO3)2 and of several binary mixtures of Cd(NO3)2 with the nitrate salt of either Na+, K+, Rb+ Cs+, Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, or Cu2+ have been determined in a H2O-CHCl3–H2O liquid membrane system. Of the macrocycles studied, 2.2 and 2.2DD most successfully transported Cd2+ In the Cd2+–Mn+ mixtures, Cd2+ was transported selectively with 2.2 when Mn+ was either an alkali or an alkaline earth cation. However, when Mn+ was either Ag+, Pb2+, or Cu2+ the Cd2+ flux was reduced sharply. Generally, cation flux was greater for 2.2DD than for 2.2 with selectivity for Cd2+ being altered also in several cases. Relative fluxes from binary cation mixtures depend on metal cation radius, macrocycle cavity diameter, ligand ring substituent and log K for metal ion-macrocycle interaction. 相似文献
A microkinetic model for methanol decomposition on platinum is presented. The model incorporates competitive decomposition
pathways, beginning with both O–H and C–H bond scission in methanol, and uses results from density functional theory (DFT)
calculations [Greeley and Mavrikakis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 7193, Greeley and Mavrikakis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004)
3910]. Results from reaction kinetics experiments show that the rate of H2 production increases with increasing temperature and methanol concentration in the feed and is only nominally affected by
the presence of CO or H2 with methanol. The model, based on the values of binding energies, pre-exponential factors and activation energy barriers
derived from first principles calculations, accurately predicts experimental reaction rates and orders. The model also gives
insight into the most favorable reaction pathway, the rate-limiting step, the apparent activation energy, coverages, and the
effects of pressure. It is found that the pathway beginning with the C–H bond scission (CH3OH→H2COH→HCOH→CO) is dominant compared with the path beginning with O–H bond scission. The cleavage of the first C–H bond in methanol
is the rate-controlling step. The surface is highly poisoned by CO, whereas COH appears to be a spectator species. 相似文献