Neutrosophic classifier: An extension of fuzzy classifer

Fuzzy classification has become of great interest because of its ability to utilize simple linguistically interpretable rules and has overcome the limitations of symbolic or crisp rule based classifiers. This paper introduces an extension to fuzzy classifier: a neutrosophic classifier, which would utilize neutrosophic logic for its working. Neutrosophic logic is a generalized logic that is capable of effectively handling indeterminacy, stochasticity acquisition errors that fuzzy logic cannot handle. The proposed neutrosophic classifier employs neutrosophic logic for its working and is an extension of commonly used fuzzy classifier. It is compared with the commonly used fuzzy classifiers on the following parameters: nature of membership functions, number of rules and indeterminacy in the results generated. It is proved in the paper that extended fuzzy classifier: neutrosophic classifier; optimizes the said parameters in comparison to the fuzzy counterpart. Finally the paper is concluded with justifying that neutrosophic logic though in its nascent stage still holds the potential to be experimented for further exploration in different domains.     

Very large temperature-induced absorptive loss in high Te-containing chalcogenide fibers

The change in the absorption loss relative to room temperature of the infrared (IR)-transmitting Ge/sub 15/As/sub 35/Se/sub (50-x)/Te/sub x/ glass fibers in the temperature range of -110/spl deg/C/spl les/T/spl les/110/spl deg/C was investigated. The attenuation increased significantly at T/spl ges/40/spl deg/C. This is mainly attributed to thermally activated free carriers associated with the semimetallic character of the Te atom. For /spl lambda//spl les/4.2 /spl mu/m, the loss due to electronic and free-carrier absorption was strongly affected by temperature. In the wavelength region of 5-11 /spl mu/m, the loss was mainly due to free-carrier absorption. Beyond /spl lambda//spl ges/11 /spl mu/m, multiphonon absorption dominated the loss spectrum at T/spl les/60/spl deg/C while free-carrier absorption contributed mainly to the total loss at T/spl ges/80/spl deg/C.     

Breit–Pauli atomic structure calculations for Fe XI

Energy levels, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities are calculated for the lowest-lying 165 energy levels of Fe XI using configuration-interaction wavefunctions. The calculations include all the major correlation effects. Relativistic effects are included in the Breit–Pauli approximation by adding mass-correction, Darwin, and spin–orbit interaction terms to the non-relativistic Hamiltonian. For comparison with the calculated ab initio energy levels, we have also calculated the energy levels by using the fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock method. The calculated results are in close agreement with the National Institute of Standards and Technology compilation and other available results. New results are predicted for many of the levels belonging to the 3s3p⁴3d and 3s3p³3d² configurations, which are very important in astrophysics, relevant, for example, to the recent observations by the Hinode spacecraft. We expect that our extensive calculations will be useful to experimentalists in identifying the fine structure levels in their future work.     

Synthesis of ethyl propionate catalyzed by poly(N‐AEAAm‐co‐AAc)‐cl‐MBAm hydrogel‐immobilized lipase of Bacillus coagulans MTCC‐6375

A purified alkaline thermotolerant bacterial lipase of Bacillus coagulans MTCC‐6375 was efficiently immobilized onto poly(N‐AEAAm‐co‐AAc‐cl‐MBAm)‐hydrogel at pH 8.5 and at temperature 55°C in 16 h. The hydrogel‐bound matrix possessed 1.04 U/g (matrix) lipase activity with a specific activity of 1.8 U/mg of protein. The immobilized lipase resulted in formation of 52.5 mM of ethyl propionate (52% conversion) at 55°C in 9 h in n‐nonane. Ethanol and propionic acid when used in a ratio of 300 : 100 mM, respectively, in n‐nonane along with 10 mg of hydrogel‐bound lipase resulted in optimal synthesis of ethyl propionate (82.5 mM). Addition of molecular sieves (3 Å, 0.7 g/reaction volume) further enhanced the conversion rate to 82.4% resulting in 83.5 mM of ethyl propionate. Incubation temperature below or above 55°C had a marked effect on the synthesis of ethyl propionate. However, esterification performed in n‐heptane at 65°C resulted in 87.5 mM of ethyl propionate with a conversation rate of 89.3%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Fabrication of low-loss IR-transmitting Ge30As10Se30Te30 glass fibers

Improved purification and processing techniques have been utilized to fabricate Ge₃₀As₁₀Se₃₀Te₃₀ glass fibers with a minimum loss of O.11 dB/m at 6.6 μm. This is the lowest loss reported for any telluride glass fiber in the infrared region. Furthermore, the fibers exhibit less than 1 dB/m loss between 5.25 and 9.5 μm     

Effects of Doping Trivalent Ions in Bismuth Borate Glasses

Bismuth borate glasses from the system: 40Bi₂O₃–59B₂O₃–1Tv₂O₃ (where Tv=Al, Y, Nd, Sm, and Eu) and three glasses of composition: 40Bi₂O₃–60B₂O₃, 37.5Bi₂O₃–62.5B₂O₃ and 38Bi₂O₃–60B₂O₃–2Al₂O₃ were prepared by melt quenching and characterized by density, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies. Bismuth borate glasses exhibit a very strong optical absorption band just below their absorption edge. Glasses were devitrified by heat treatment at temperatures above their glass transition temperatures and the crystalline phases produced in them were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Bi₃B₅O₁₂ was found to be the most abundant phase in all devitrified samples. DTA studies on glasses and FTIR and XRD analysis on crystallized samples revealed that very small amounts of trivalent ion doping causes significant changes in the devitrification properties of bismuth borate glasses; rare-earth ions promote the formation of metastable BiBO₃–I and BiBO₃–II phases during glass crystallization.     

In situ synthesis of gold–polyaniline composite in nanopores of polycarbonate membrane

In situ one-step chemical synthesis route for the preparation of a gold–polyaniline composite in nanopores of polycarbonate (PC) membrane is reported. PC membrane, which was placed in a specially designed two-compartment cell, separated the aqueous solution of aniline from HAuCl₄ solution. Concentration gradient across the membrane caused movement of AuCl₄ ⁻ and anilinium ions in the pores of polycarbonate membrane. Nanopores in PC membrane acted as reaction vessels where aniline and HAuCl₄ were allowed to mix together, and the redox reaction between aniline and HAuCl₄ led to the formation of gold–polyaniline composite. The gold–polyaniline composite in PC membrane was characterised by EDXRF, XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and TEM. Peak broadening in XRD suggests that Au particles formed in the membrane are nanocrystallites and average crystallite size is (24 ± 4) nm. TEM studies show that gold nanoparticles are randomly dispersed in polyaniline clusters formed in the nanopores of PC membrane. Characterisation results show that the surfaces of the PC membrane exposed to HAuCl₄ and aniline have significantly higher concentrations of Au nanoparticles and polyaniline, respectively.     

Mining associations with the collective strength approach

The large itemset model has been proposed in the literature for finding associations in a large database of sales transactions. A different method for evaluating and finding itemsets referred to as strongly collective itemsets is proposed. We propose a criterion stressing the importance of the actual correlation of the items with one another rather than their absolute level of presence. Previous techniques for finding correlated itemsets are not necessarily applicable to very large databases. We provide an algorithm which provides very good computational efficiency, while maintaining statistical robustness. The fact that this algorithm relies on relative measures rather than absolute measures such as support also implies that the method can be applied to find association rules in data sets in which items may appear in a sizeable percentage of the transactions (dense data sets), data sets in which the items have varying density, or even negative association rules     

Theoretical and experimental study of the second-order polarizabilities of Schiff''s bases for nonlinear optical applications

A series of twenty-four Schiff's bases was synthesized and nonresonant static molecular second order polarizabilities (β) of these compounds were theoretically calculated and compared with experimental values. The computational method employed obtained: (a) values of polarization versus static electric fields using a semiempirical Hamiltonian; (b) all tensor elements of β by performing polynomial fits of the former data, within the finite-field approach. The experimental values were obtained using a modified electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) experiment with 1,4-dioxane as the solvent. The measured quantities were the projection of β on μ (the permanent dipole moment), relative to MNA (2-methyl-4-nitroaniline). The correlation between the predicted static molecular quantities and their corresponding experimental values was 0.95 (based on a simple least-squares regression forced through the origin). A factor of 8.7 ± 0.3 was determined to be the adjustment parameter for Schiff's bases to account for the solvent and dispersion effects at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm.