The formation of zinc ferrite

The formation of zinc ferrite from zinc oxide and iron oxide is evaluated with high temperature X-ray diffraction experiments. Despite the problem of accurately determining the temperature of the part of the sample actually investigated, a kinetic analysis of the isothermal formation is shown to be possible. From these data the energy and entropy of activation are derived. It is further shown that neither corrections for grain growth during formation nor the presence of impurities have any influence on these results. On the other hand, the size of the reactant iron oxide particles is found to have a strong influence on both the energy and entropy of activation.     

Imperfections and impurity phases in flux grown RCrO3 (R = La,Yb) single crystals

Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analytical (EDAX) investigations, conducted on some elevated structures displayed by flux grown rare earth orthochromite, RCrO₃ (R = La, Yb) crystals, are presented. The peculiar structures exhibited by crystal surfaces indicate imperfections and impurity phases. EDAX of elevated structures reveals the various phases to be composed of lead associated materials which may probably be either Pb₂CrO₅ or Pb₂OF₂ (flux). Other secondary crystallization of impurity phases, ROF (R = La, Yb) is illustrated in the case of RCrO₃ (R = La, Yb) crystals. The elevated structures illustrate their non-stoichiometric behaviour. Precipitation of impurity phases and formation of imperfections during the growth of RCrO₃ (R = La, Yb) crystals and their effect on the crystalline quality is discussed.     

Determination of precompression and compression force levels to minimize tablet friability using simplex

Pilot simplex experiments for improving the tablet strength of three aspirin tablet formulations based on precompression and compression forces were presented. As each simplex moved towards the direction of the optimum, the friability was being minimized and the crushing strength was concomittantly being maximized. Because it followed a systematic direction, simplex process would locate a local optimum rapidly. The appropriate levels of precompression and compression forces that produced tablets with the desired strength were attained in five trials. By contrast, random search for this force combination required at least ten trials. Simplex technique is a cost and time effective means for determining the precompression and compression forces that will reduce the friability or increase the hardness of a tablet formulation. Results appeared to also indicate that crushing strength might be a more reliable measure of tablet strength than friability.     

Random errors caused by temperature in magnitude of principal strains evaluated ith 3-element strain gauge rosettes

The effects of the uncertainties associated ith the apparent strain and gauge factor data, given by the manufacturer, in the evaluation of principal strains are examined. Principal strains are obtained by a reduction of the strains measured ith electrical resistance strain gauge rectangular or delta rosettes. The theoretical analysis points out the relevance of the effects caused.     

Criteria for evaluation of the hardening factor of machine parts

V. Ya. Chubar' Zaporozhe Machine Building Institute. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 3, pp. 62–65, March, 1989.     

Thermomechanical behaviour of composites

This paper derives the governing equations for the thermomechanical behaviour of composites. When the basic equations for the thermoelastic behaviour of solids were first derived in the nineteenth century several approximations were made. The effect of these assumptions are discussed and illustrated by the results of a simple laboratory test. The implications of this work on the analysis of impact damaged laminates are then discussed.     

Electrical conductivity of ferroelectric sodium vanadate,rubidium vanadate,cesium vanadate and their solid solutions

The d.c. electrical conductivity of sodium vanadate, rubidium vanadate, cesium vanadate and their solid solutions sodium-rubidium vanadate and sodium-cesium vanadate were studied by a two-probe method in the temperature range covering their transition points. The electrical conductivity shows sharp change at the phase transition temperature of these materials. In NaVO₃, RbVO₃ and CsVO₃, increase in d.c. conductivity is observed in the ferroelectric region while nonlinearities are observed above transition temperatures. In solid solutions, the activation energy in the paraelectric state is higher than that in the ferroelectric state and depends upon sodium concentration.     

Stress distribution in orthotropic plates with coupled elastic properties

Summary If the roots of the characteristic equation of the governing differential equation for the stress function of an orthotropic plate under generalized plane stress conditions are equal classical solutions of anisotropic elasticity theory do not hold anymore. The general form of the stress function for such orthotropic materials is discussed and the exact solution is given for the plate with an elliptic opening loaded in tension.Comparison of the stress distribution for the material with distinct characteristic roots indicated that in produces much higher stress concentrations than the model with equal roots. For the latter case solution of any boundary value problem may be obtained very easily through an existing solution for the isotropic material.Given also that there are several problems involving stress concentrations in orthotropic plates as yet unsolved, the analysis presented here might be of considerable help in the, designing of the structure of composite laminates.With 8 Figures     

Toughening of Dental Porcelain by Tetragonal ZrO2 Additions

The effect on mechanical behavior of ZrO₂ additions to a dental porcelain was investigated. The ZrO₂ was introduced into the glassy matrix phase of the porcelain by refritting the all-glass porcelain constituent. X-ray diffraction indicated that a sizeable fraction of the ZrO₂ was retained in the tetragonal form after the porcelain was fired. Zirconia additions to the porcelain produced substantial improvements in fracture toughness, strength, and thermal shock resistance.     

A legendre polynomial nodal model for 3-D diffusion problems

A 3-D Legendre polynomial nodal model has been developed for the multigroup diffusion equation. The approximation uses a least squares minimization of the trial function over each node. Averaged nodal fluxes and currents are matched on subsurfaces of the interfaces between nodes. The model results were compared to the IAEA benchmark problem. Accuracy of results depended upon the number of nodes of the model. A 760-node model on a minicomputer gave an eigenvalue within 0.012% of the benchmark problem. The peak to average power ratio was within 0.6% of the benchmark. A 456-node model on a microcomputer gave an eigenvalue within 0.11% of the benchmark. The flux traces from this nodal model compared favorably with the benchmark results.