Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface.

A comprehensive model of the work–family interface was developed and tested. The proposed model extended prior research by explicitly distinguishing between work interfering with family and family interfering with work. This distinction allowed testing of hypotheses concerning the unique antecedents and outcomes of both forms of work–family conflict and a reciprocal relationship between them. The influence of gender, race, and job type on the generalizability of the model was also examined. Data were obtained through household interviews with a random sample of 631 individuals. The model was tested with structural equation modeling techniques. Results were strongly supportive. In addition, although the model was invariant across gender and race, there were differences across blue- and white-collar workers. Implications for future research on the work–family interface are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What determines initial feeling of knowing? Familiarity with question terms, not with the answer.

How do people know whether they have an answer to a question before they actually find it in their memory? Two experiments explored this question. Ss were trained on relatively novel 2-digit?×?2-digit arithmetic problems (e.g., 23?×?27). Before answering each problem, Ss made a quick feeling of knowing judgment as to whether they could directly retrieve the answer from memory or had to compute it. Knowing the answer initially appeared to be linearly related to having a feeling of knowing the answer; however, when the frequency of exposure to complete problems and the frequency of exposure to parts of the problems were separately varied, feeling of knowing was better predicted by the frequency of presentation of the problem parts, not by knowledge of the answer. This suggests that the processes involved in knowing the answer are different from those involved in having a feeling of knowing. Specifically, an early feeling of knowing is not just based on an early read of the answer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral interventions to increase HPV vaccination acceptability among mothers of young girls.

Objective: To determine the most effective ways to present human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine risk and benefit information to mothers in Hispanic, African American, and White communities, to increase mothers’ intentions to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. Design: The study used a 3 × 2 between-subjects factorial design, involving 3 different risk presentation formats (graphical HPV statistics, nongraphical HPV statistics, or no-statistics control) and the presence or absence of rhetorical questions (RQ). Data were collected from a national sample of 471 mothers of girls ages 11–16. Main Outcome Variables: The primary outcome variable was mothers’ intention to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. Secondary outcomes included mothers’ self-reported message comprehension and perceptions of daughters’ vulnerability to HPV infection, infection severity, vaccine efficacy, and obstacles to immunization. Results and Conclusion: Results showed that both risk presentation format and RQs had an overall positive effect on mothers’ intention to vaccinate their daughters. However, the interventions appear to be more effective when used separately than when used in combination. Each of these interventions is brief and could easily be implemented by health care providers as well as in patient health communication literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of complexity on jurors' verdicts and construction of evidence.

One hundred twenty mock jurors heard 1 of several versions of a civil trial. The tort trial was either high or low in information load and contained evidence that either clearly favored the plaintiffs or was ambiguous. Expert witnesses testified in either technical or less technical language. Verdicts favored the plaintiffs when the evidence was clear and was presented in technical language because technical language enhanced witnesses' credibility when the evidence was clear. Although high information loads and technical language hindered evidence processing, jurors endeavored to comprehend, as indicated by the recall of more facts and alternative constructions of the evidence when that evidence was ambiguous. However, those constructions were of poorer quality, incorporating evidence of lesser probative value. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The consequences of pairing questions: Context effects in personality measurement.

The effect of context on responses to questions has been a prominent focus in social and political survey research. However, little investigation of context effects has been done for the measurement of psychological constructs. A measure of anger experience and expression in development uses vignettes describing interpersonal situations that provoke varying degrees of anger and require respondents to indicate their affective and/or expressive response to the situation. In this study, the consequences of pairing the two questions for each vignette are investigated. Pairing the anger-experience and likelihood-of-expression questions changes the item's context. Item response theory analysis similar to that used to detect differential item functioning was performed. For some of the items, responding to a single or paired question affected the extremity of responses. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality measurement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Satz-Mogel short form of the WAIS—R in an elderly, demented population.

Full administration of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) was compared to a rescored Satz-Mogel short form of the WAIS—R (P. Satz and S. Mogel, 1962) in 51 elderly, demented individuals. The comparison revealed a high degree of association between these two forms. A smaller subset of 15 Ss was administered the Satz-Mogel short form and the full WAIS—R. Correlations between the two forms were significant for approximately half of the subtests and all of the subscales. No significant differences in means were found between forms. These findings are considered to represent some initial, positive support for the use of the Satz-Mogel short form of the WAIS—R in an elderly, demented population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

scFv multimers of the anti-neuraminidase antibody NC10: length of the linker between VH and VL domains dictates precisely the transition between diabodies and triabodies

Single-chain Fv antibody fragments (scFvs) incorporate a polypeptidelinker to tether the V_H and V_L domains together. An scFv moleculewith a linker 5–12 residues long cannot fold into a functionalFv domain and instead associates with a second scFv moleculeto form a bivalent dimer (diabody). Direct ligation of V_H andV_L domains further restricts association and forces three scFvmolecules to associate into a trivalent trimer (triabody). Wehave defined the effect of linker length on scFv associationby constructing a series of scFvs from anti-neuraminidase antibodyNC10 in which the linker varied from one to four glycine residues.NC10 scFv molecules containing linkers of three and four residuesshowed a strong preference for dimer formation (diabodies),whereas a linker length of one or two glycine residues preventedthe formation of diabodies and directed scFv association intotrimers (triabodies). The data suggest a relatively strict transitionfrom dimer (diabody) to trimer (triabody) upon reduction ofthe linker length from three to two glycine residues. Modellingstudies are consistent with three residues as the minimum linkerlength compatible with diabody formation. Electron microscopeimages of complexes formed between the NC10 scFv multimers andan anti-idiotype Fab' showed that the dimer was bivalent forantigen binding and the trimer was trivalent.     

ScFv multimers of the anti-neuraminidase antibody NC10: shortening of the linker in single-chain Fv fragment assembled in VL to VH orientation drives the formation of dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher molecular mass multimers

Synthetic genes encoding single-chain variable fragments (scFvs)of NC10 anti-neuraminidase antibody were constructed by joiningthe V_L and V_H domains with linkers of fifteen, five, four, three,two, one and zero residues. These V_L–V_H constructs wereexpressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting proteins werecharacterized and compared with the previously characterizedNC10 scFv proteins assembled in V_H–V_L orientation. Size-exclusionchromatography and electron microscope images of complexes formedbetween various NC10 scFvs and anti-idiotype Fab' were usedto analyse the oligomeric status of these scFvs. The resultshowed that as the linker length between V_L and V_H was reduced,different patterns of oligomerization were observed comparedwith those with V_H–V_L isomers. As was the case for V_H–V_Lorientation, the scFv-15 V_L–V_H protein existed mainlyas a monomer whereas dimer (diabody) was a predominant conformationfor the scFv-5, scFv-4 and scFv-3 V_L–V_H proteins. In contrastto the V_H–V_L isomer, direct ligation of V_L to V_H led tothe formation of predominantly a tetramer (tetrabody) ratherthan to an expected trimer (triabody). Furthermore, the transitionbetween dimers and higher order oligomers was not as distinctas for V_H–V_L. Thus reducing the linker length in V_L–V_Hfrom three to two residues did not precisely dictate a transitionbetween dimers and tetramers. Instead, two-residue as well asone-residue linked scFvs formed a mixture of dimers, trimersand tetramers.