Choosing Rhetorical Structures To Plan Instructional Texts

This paper discusses a fundamental problem in natural language generation: how to organize the content of a text in a coherent and natural way. In this research, we set out to determine the semantic content and the rhetorical structure of texts and to develop heuristics to perform this process automatically within a text generation framework. The study was performed on a specific language and textual genre: French instructional texts. From a corpus analysis of these texts, we determined nine senses typically communicated in instructional texts and seven rhetorical relations used to present these senses. From this analysis, we then developed a set of presentation heuristics that determine how the senses to be communicated should be organized rhetorically in order to create a coherent and natural text. The heuristics are based on five types of constraints: conceptual, semantic, rhetorical, pragmatic, and intentional constraints. To verify the heuristics, we developed the spin natural language generation system, which performs all steps of text generation but focuses on the determination of the content and the rhetorical structure of the text.     

An investigation into the effects of lime on compressive and shear strength characteristics of fiber-reinforced clays

To meet the ever-increasing construction demands around the world during recent years,reinforcement and stabilization methods have been widely used by geotechnical engineers to improve the performances and behavior of fine-grained soils.Although lime stabilization increases the compressive strength of soils,it reduces the soil ductility at the same time.Recent research shows that random fiber inclusion modifies the brittleness of soils.In the current research,the effects of lime and polypropylene(PP) fiber additions on such characteristics as compressive and shear strengths,failure strain,secant modulus of elasticity(E_(50)) and shear strength parameters of mixtures were investigated.Kaolinite was treated with 1%,3% and 5% lime by dry weight of soil and reinforced with 0.1% monovalent PP fibers with the length of 6 mm.Samples were prepared at optimum conditions and cured at 35℃ for 1 d,7 d and28 d at 90% relative humidity and subsequently subjected to uniaxial and triaxial compression tests(UCT and TCT) under cell pressures of 25 kPa,50 kPa and 100 kPa.Results showed that inclusion of random PP fibers to clay-lime mixtures increases both compressive and shear strengths as well as the ductility.Lime content and curing period were found to be the most influential factors.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis showed that lime addition and the formation of cementitious compounds bind soil particles and increase soil/fiber interactions at interface,leading to enhanced shear strength.The more ductile the stabilized and reinforced composition,the less the cracks in roads and waste landfill covers.     

Inhibitors of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthases: Synthesis,Molecular Docking,and Implications

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases (PhaCs) catalyze the formation of biodegradable PHAs that are considered to be ideal alternatives to non‐biodegradable synthetic plastics. However, study of PhaCs has been challenging because the rate of PHA chain elongation is much faster than that of initiation. This difficulty, along with lack of a crystal structure, has become the main hurdle to understanding and engineering PhaCs for economical PHA production. Here we report the synthesis of two carbadethia CoA analogues—sT‐CH₂‐CoA ( 26 a ) and sTet‐CH₂‐CoA ( 26 b )—as well as sT‐aldehyde (saturated trimer aldehyde, 29 ), as new PhaC inhibitors. Study of these analogues with PhaEC_Av revealed that 26 a / b and 29 are competitive and mixed inhibitors, respectively. Both the CoA moiety and extension of PHA chain will increase binding affinity; this is consistent with our docking study. Estimation of the K_ic values of 26 a and 26 b predicts that a CoA analogue incorporating an octameric hydroxybutanoate (HB) chain might facilitate the formation of a kinetically well‐behaved synthase.     

Development and Integration of Sub-hourly Rainfall–Runoff Modeling Capability Within a Watershed Model

Increasing urbanization changes runoff patterns to be flashy and instantaneous with decreased base flow. A model with the ability to simulate sub-daily rainfall–runoff processes and continuous simulation capability is required to realistically capture the long-term flow and water quality trends in watersheds that are experiencing urbanization. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been widely used in hydrologic and nonpoint sources modeling. However, its subdaily modeling capability is limited to hourly flow simulation. This paper presents the development and testing of a sub-hourly rainfall–runoff model in SWAT. SWAT algorithms for infiltration, surface runoff, flow routing, impoundments, and lagging of surface runoff have been modified to allow flow simulations with a sub-hourly time interval as small as one minute. Evapotranspiration, soil water contents, base flow, and lateral flow are estimated on a daily basis and distributed equally for each time step. The sub-hourly routines were tested on a 1.9 km² watershed (70% undeveloped) near Lost Creek in Austin Texas USA. Sensitivity analysis shows that channel flow parameters are more sensitive in sub-hourly simulations (Δt = 15 min) while base flow parameters are more important in daily simulations (Δt = 1 day). A case study shows that the sub-hourly SWAT model reasonably reproduces stream flow hydrograph under multiple storm events. Calibrated stream flow for 1 year period with 15 min simulation (R ² = 0.93) shows better performance compared to daily simulation for the same period (R ² = 0.72). A statistical analysis shows that the improvement in the model performance with sub-hourly time interval is mostly due to the improvement in predicting high flows. The sub-hourly version of SWAT is a promising tool for hydrology and non-point source pollution assessment studies, although more development on water quality modeling is still needed.     

B4C reinforced NiTi-based composites: Microstructure and wear performance

In this study, NiTi–x wt.% B₄C (x = 0, 2, and 4) composites were consolidated with spark plasma sintering method, and the effects of boron carbide reinforcement addition on the microstructure and wear behavior of samples were investigated. Identification of the constituent phases of samples by the X-ray diffraction method plus Rietveld analysis revealed that the stability of the martensite phase increased in the composite samples because of mismatch stresses between the NiTi matrix phase and the reinforcing particles, which increases the density of the dislocations and facilitates the diffusion process that subsequently leads to the formation of stable intermetallics. The results of hardness test indicated that the hardness value increased from 3.67 GPa for pure NiTi to 10.99 GPa for NiTi–4 wt.% B₄C. Results of wear test revealed that boron carbide reinforced composite specimens had higher wear resistance, whereas wear rate of NiTi sample was 3.6 × 10⁻³ mm³/N m, and it reached to .21 × 10⁻³ mm³/N m for NiTi–4 wt.% B₄C. Investigation of microstructure by scanning electron microscopy images and EDS analysis revealed that the wear mechanism in NiTi samples was abrasive and the addition of B₄C to NiTi changed the wear mechanisms from abrasive to a combination of oxidation, adhesive, and delamination mechanisms.     

Fabrication,characterization and evaluation of the effect of PLGA and PLGA–PEG biomaterials on the proliferation and neurogenesis potential of human neural SH-SY5Y cells

In recent years with regard to the development of nanotechnology and neural stem cell discovery, the combinatorial therapeutic strategies of neural progenitor cells and appropriate biomaterials have raised the hope for brain regeneration following neurological disorders. This study aimed to explore the proliferation and neurogenic effect of PLGA and PLGA–PEG nanofibers on human SH-SY5Y cells in in vitro condition. Nanofibers of PLGA and PLGA–PEG biomaterials were synthesized and fabricated using electrospinning method. Physicochemical features were examined using HNMR, FT-IR, and water contact angle assays. Ultrastructural morphology, the orientation of nanofibers, cell distribution and attachment were visualized by SEM imaging. Cell survival and proliferation rate were measured. Differentiation capacity was monitored by immunofluorescence staining of Map-2. HNMR, FT-IR assays confirmed the integration of PEG to PLGA backbone. Water contact angel assay showed increasing surface hydrophilicity in PLGA–PEG biomaterial compared to the PLGA substrate. SEM analysis revealed the reduction of PLGA–PEG nanofibers' diameter compared to the PLGA group. Cell attachment was observed in both groups while PLGA–PEG had a superior effect in the promotion of survival rate compared to other groups (p < .05). Compared to the PLGA group, PLGA–PEG increased the number of Ki67⁺ cells (p < .01). PLGA–PEG biomaterial induced neural maturation by increasing protein Map-2 compared to the PLGA scaffold in a three-dimensional culture system. According to our data, structural modification of PLGA with PEG could enhance orientated differentiation and the dynamic growth of neural cells.     

Fruits and vegetables intake and characteristics associated among adolescents from Southern Brazil

Background

Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to animal/human cells for infection establishment involves adhesive proteins, including its galactose- and fucose-binding lectins PA-IL (LecA) and PA-IIL (LecB). The lectin binding to the target-cell receptors may be blocked by compatible glycans that compete with those of the receptors, functioning as anti-adhesion glycodecoys. The anti-adhesion treatment is of the utmost importance for abrogating devastating antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa infections in immunodeficient and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This strategy functions in nature in protecting embryos and neonates. We have shown that PA-IL, PA-IIL, and also CV-IIL (a PA-IIL homolog produced in the related pathogen Chromobacterium violaceum) are highly useful for revealing natural glycodecoys that surround embryos in diverse avian eggs and are supplied to neonates in milks and royal jelly. In the present study, these lectins were used as probes to search for seed embryo-protecting glycodecoys.

Methods

The lectin-blocking glycodecoy activities were shown by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Lectin-binding glycoproteins were detected by Western blotting with peroxidase-labeled lectins.

Results

The present work reports the finding - by using PA-IL, PA-IIL, and CV-IIL - of rich glycodecoy activities of low (< 10 KDa) and high MW (> 10 kDa) compounds (including glycoproteins) in extracts of cashew, cocoa, coffee, pumpkin, and tomato seeds, resembling those of avian egg whites, mammal milks, and royal jelly.

Conclusions

Edible seed extracts possess lectin-blocking glycodecoys that might protect their embryos from infections and also might be useful for hampering human and animal infections.     

Emission factors for gas-powered vehicles traveling through road tunnels in São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of this study was to improve the vehicular emissions inventory for the light- and heavy-duty fleet in the metropolitan area of S?o Paulo (MASP), Brazil. To that end, we measured vehicle emissions in road tunnels located in the MASP. On March 22-26, 2004 and May 04-07, 2004, respectively, CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions were measured in two tunnels: the Janio Quadros, which carries light-dutyvehicles; and the Maria Maluf, which carries light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Pollutant concentrations were measured inside the tunnels, and background pollutant concentrations were measured outside of the tunnels. The mean CO and NOx emission factors (in g km(-1)) were, respectively, 14.6 +/- 2.3 and 1.6 +/- 0.3 for light-duty vehicles, compared with 20.6 +/- 4.7 and 22.3 +/- 9.8 for heavy-duty vehicles. The total VOCs emission factor for the Maria Maluf tunnel was 1.4 +/- 1.3 g km(-1). The main VOCs classes identified were aromatic, alkane, and aldehyde compounds. For the heavy-duty fleet, NOx emission factors were approximately 14 times higher than those found for the light-duty fleet. This was attributed to the high levels of NOx emissions from diesel vehicles.     

Interfacial Connections between Organic Perovskite/n+ Silicon/Catalyst that Allow Integration of Solar Cell and Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution from Water

The rapidly increasing solar conversion efficiency (PCE) of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (HOIP) thin-film semiconductors has triggered interest in their use for direct solar-driven water splitting to produce hydrogen. However, application of these low-cost, electronic-structure-tunable HOIP tandem photoabsorbers has been hindered by the instability of the photovoltaic-catalyst-electrolyte (PV+E) interfaces. Here, photolytic water splitting is demonstrated using an integrated configuration consisting of an HOIP/n⁺silicon single junction photoabsorber and a platinum (Pt) thin film catalyst. An extended electrochemical (EC) lifetime in alkaline media is achieved using titanium nitride on both sides of the Si support to eliminate formation of insulating silicon oxide, and as an effective diffusion barrier to allow high-temperature annealing of the catalyst/TiO₂-protected-n⁺silicon interface necessary to retard electrolytic corrosion. Halide composition is examined in the (FA_1-xCs_x)PbI₃ system with a bandgap suitable for tandem operation. A fill factor of 72.5% is achieved using a Spiro-OMeTAD-hole-transport-layer (HTL)-based HOIP/n⁺Si solar cell, and a high photocurrent density of −15.9 mA cm⁻² (at 0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode) is attained for the HOIP/n⁺Si/Pt photocathode in 1 m NaOH under simulated 1-sun illumination. While this thin-film design creates stable interfaces, the intrinsic photo- and electro-degradation of the HOIP photoabsorber remains the main obstacle for future HOIP/Si tandem PEC devices.