Distribution and determinants of maximal physical work capacity of Korean male metal workers

The distribution of maximal physical work capacity (MPWC) can be used to establish an upper limit for energy expenditure during work (EEwork). If physically demanding work has wearing effects, there will be a negative relationship between MPWC and workload. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of MPWC among Korean metal workers and to examine the relationship between workload and MPWC. MPWC was estimated with a bicycle ergometer using a submaximal test. Energy expenditure was estimated by measuring heart rates during work. The study subjects were 507 male employees from several metal industries in Korea. They had a lower absolute VO2max than the Caucasian populations described in previous studies. The older workers had a lower physical capacity and a greater overload at work. A negative relationship was found between MPWC and workload across all age groups. Upper limits for EEwork for all age groups and for older age groups are recommended based on the 5th percentile value of MPWC.     

Severe motor disability affects functional cortical integration in the context of brain-computer interface (BCI) use

The purpose of this study was to investigate cortical interaction between brain regions in people with and without severe motor disability during brain-computer interface (BCI) operation through coherence analysis. Eighteen subjects, including six patients with cerebral palsy (CP) and three patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), participated. The results showed (1) the existence of BCI performance difference caused by severe motor disability; (2) different coherence patterns between participants with and without severe motor disability during BCI operation and (3) effects of motor disability on cortical connections varying in the brain regions for the different frequency bands, indicating reduced cortical differentiation and specialisation. Participants with severe neuromuscular impairments, as compared with the able-bodied group, recruited more cortical regions to compensate for the difficulties caused by their motor disability, reflecting a less efficient operating strategy for the BCI task. This study demonstrated that coherence analysis can be applied to examine the ways cortical networks cooperate with each other during BCI tasks. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Few studies have investigated the electrophysiological underpinnings of differences in BCI performance. This study contributes by assessing neuronal synchrony among brain regions. Our findings revealed that severe motor disability causes more cortical areas to be recruited to perform the BCI task, indicating reduced cortical differentiation and specialisation.     

Localizing slab identification numbers in factory scene images

This paper deals with algorithms for text localization and character segmentation in images for process automation in the steel-making industry. Each character which comprises slab identification numbers may be corrupted severely before it is captured by network cameras. Therefore, proper processing is required to localize the target texts successfully. In this paper, we propose (1) a method to evaluate the closeness of an edge patch to the form of a closed contour, (2) an edge inspection method to determine character colors and estimate font thickness, and (3) three reasonable binarization methods to increase the performance of the algorithm for the detection of the left and right boundaries of the text rectangle. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are reliable.     

Plastic Injection Molding of High-Aspect Ratio Micro-Rods

Technological advancements have led to an increase in demand for fabrication of small and cheap miniature components or parts, especially in the medical and electronic fields. In this research work, micro-rods of varying lengths and diameters were molded using a specially designed tabletop injection molding machine. The main purpose was to investigate whether complete filling of the microcavities was possible and whether small cavity openings will restrict melt flow into the cavities.

Process parameters, such as injection pressure, mold temperature and melt temperature were varied. The micro-rods obtained were analyzed with Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM). The results showed that injection pressure was the most important parameter for microinjection molding. The use of a vacuum system also yielded better results.     

Effects of complex doping on microstructural and electrical properties of PZT ceramics

The influence of complex dopants including donor and acceptor ions on microstructure and electrical properties of PZT (Zr/Ti = 53/47) ceramics was investigated. The prepared PZT ceramics modified with complex soft dopants, La⁺³ and Nb⁺⁵, showed that the piezoelectric properties were enhanced and stable with the compositional variations, which made it possible to establish the higher reliability and reproducibility of the piezoelectric performances. For 1.0 mol% La and 1.2 mol% Nb doped composition, the maximum value, k _P = 0.66, was obtained. Unlike single element doping, the complex doping of both the donor and acceptor ions caused various compensation effects for the piezoelectric properties of the PZT ceramics. The improved piezoelectric properties, i.e., enhanced Q _m with remaining higher k _p , were obtained in the PZT composition complexly doped with La⁺³ and Fe⁺³. For 1.0 mol% La and 2.0 mol% Fe doped PZT composition, relatively high Q _m and k _p values of 580 and 0.53, respectively, were obtained. It was also shown that the PZT composition had the rather lowered dielectric constant, ε _r = 800, and considerably low loss, tanδ = 0.003. By changing the dopants compositions, the properties can also be tailored over wider range.     

Parallel optical transmitter module using angled fibers and a V-grooved silicon optical bench for VCSEL array

We propose an advanced structure of optical subassembly (OSA) for packaging of the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array, using (111) facet mirror of the V-groove ends formed in a silicon optical bench (SiOB) and angled fiber apertures. The feature of our OSA can provide a low optical crosstalk between neighboring channels, a low feedback reflection, and a large misalignment tolerance along the V-groove. We describe the optimized design of fiber angle, VCSEL position, and fiber position. The fabricated OSA structure consists of 12 channels of angled fiber array, 54.7/spl deg/ V-grooves, Au-coated mirrors on (111) end facet of the V-grooves, and flip-chip-bonded VCSEL array on a SiOB. In this structure, the beam emitted from the VCSEL is deflected at the 54.7/spl deg/ mirror of (111) end facet and propagated into the angled fiber. The angled fiber array was polished by 57/spl deg/. Fabricated OSAs showed a coupling efficiency of 30%-50% that is 25 times larger than that obtained from an OSA with a vertically flat fiber array. Our OSA showed large misalignment tolerance of about 90 /spl mu/m along the longitudinal direction in the V-groove. We fabricated a parallel optical transmitter module using the OSA and demonstrated 12 channels /spl times/2.5 Gb/s data transmission with a clear eye diagram.     

A 231-MHz, 2.18-mW 32-bit Logarithmic Arithmetic Unit for Fixed-Point 3-D Graphics System

A 32-bit fixed-point logarithmic arithmetic unit is proposed for the possible application to mobile three-dimensional (3-D) graphics system. The proposed logarithmic arithmetic unit performs division, reciprocal, square-root, reciprocal-square-root and square operations in two clock cycles and powering operation in four clock cycles. It can program its number range for accurate computation flexibility of 3-D graphics pipeline and eight -region piecewise linear approximation model for logarithmic and antilogarithmic conversion to reduce the operation error under 0.2%. Its test chip is implemented by 1-poly 6-metal 0.18-mum CMOS technology with 9-k gates. It operates at the maximum frequency of 231 MHz and consumes 2.18 mW at 1.8-V supply     

Computing planar swept polygons under translation

A translational sweep is the translating of a polygon, called the generatrix G, around another polygon, called the directrix D, under two conditions: (1) G is always in contact with D; and (2) the interiors of G and D do not intersect. Three classes of translational sweep are studied, including the case in which both G and D are convex; the case in which G is convex, D monotone; and the case in which both are monotone. Efficient algorithms for computing the trajectory and the swept area as well as geometric and computational properties are presented for each class. A notion called the inverse generatrix, which reveals a duality between the trajectory and the swept polygon, is introduced to reduce complexity.     

Semantic constraint specification and verification of ebXML business process specifications

Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup Language (ebXML) Business Process Specification Schema (BPSS) supports the specification of the set of elements required to configure a runtime system in order to execute a set of ebXML business transactions. The BPSS is available in two stand-alone representations; a UML version and an XML version. Due to the limitations of UML notations and XML syntax, however, the current ebXML BPSS specification is insufficient to formally specify semantic constraints of modeling elements. In this study, we propose a classification scheme for BPSS semantic constraints, and describe how to represent those semantic constraints formally using Object Constraint Language. As a way to verify a particular Business Process Specification (BPS) with formal semantic constraint modeling, we suggest a rule-based approach to represent the formal semantic constraints, and describe a detail mechanism to apply the rule-based specified constraints to the BPS in a prototype implementation.