LLCL型单相并网逆变器在不同滤波电感组合情况下的损耗计算

随着LLCL型并网滤波器的提出,大电流纹波工况下工作的并网逆变器受到重视;此时,如果按传统方法进行逆变器的效率分析会带来偏差.本文提出了一套完整的并网逆变器的效率计算方法,并以采用不连续单极性调制的LLCL型单相并网逆变器为例进行了损耗分析与计算.具体推导了逆变器侧的电感电流表达式,然后根据IGBT的特性及制造商提供的特性参数,采取曲线拟合的方法来计算逆变器的损耗,这使得并网逆变器在大纹波电流条件下的效率计算更为准确,也对LLCL滤波器的初始设计或参数优化有着重要的指导性作用.该方法也适用于采用其他调制方式或其他滤波器的并网逆变器的损耗计算.最后,基于2 kW的单相并网逆变器平台,将理论分析结果与实验结果进行了对比验证分析.     

A Partially-Blocking Queueing System with CBR/VBR and ABR/UBR Arrival Streams

In this paper we consider an ATM transmission link, to which CBR or VBR and ABR or UBR calls arrive according to independent Poisson processes. CBR/VBR calls (characterized by their equivalent bandwidth) are blocked and leave the system if the available link capacity is less than required at the time of arrival. ABR/UBR calls, however, accept partial blocking, meaning that they may enter service even if the available capacity is less than the specified required peak bandwidth, but greater than the so called minimal accepted bandwidth. Partially blocked ABR/UBR calls instead experience longer service time, since smaller given bandwidth entails proportionally longer time spent in the system, as first suggested in [3] and analyzed in details herein. Throughout the life time of an ABR/UBR connection, its bandwidth consumption fluctuates in accordance with the current load on the link but always at the highest possible value up to their peak bandwidth (greedy sources). Additionally, if this minimal accepted bandwidth is unavailable at the time of arrival, ABR/UBR calls are allowed to wait in a finite queue. This system is modeled by a Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) and the CBR/VBR and ABR/UBR blocking probabilities and the mean ABR/UBR waiting- and service times are derived.     

Design and Validation of a Generalized Multilevel Inverter with Simplified Switching Technique

Abstract—

This paper proposes a generalized 3-phase cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) along with a simplified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) based on 2-level inverter (2LI) topology. While conventional cascaded H-bridge inverters (CHBIs) call for a number of DC sources which increase the cost and complexity of their implementation, the proposed CMLI requires one DC source only. On the other hand, the complexity of SVPWM lies in the switching diagram that consists of a large number of triangles comprising uneven numbers of switching vectors. The generalized 3-phase CMLI proposed in this paper is aimed at reducing the number of switching vectors of each triangle. The hypothesis of the proposed CMLI-SVPWM is firstly illustrated through extensive simulation analysis using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Feasibility of the proposed inverter is then validated through experimental measurements on a hardware prototype. Results reveal the superiority of the proposed inverter over existing ones in terms of the quality of the output voltage and current waveforms and the overall efficiency.     

Application of cryo-cut method for measurements of biofilm thickness

A general histological embedding and cutting technique has proved successful for determination of biofilm thickness. Microscope pictures of cross-sections of the biofilms are taken and they yield information about the micro-structure of the films. Examples of this are given.     

Very-low-speed variable-structure control of sensorless induction machine drives without signal injection

A sensorless induction machine drive is presented, in which the principles of variable-structure control and direct torque control (DTC) are combined to ensure high-performance operation in the steady state and under transient conditions. The drive employs a new torque and flux controller, the "linear and variable-structure control", which realizes accurate and robust control in a wide speed range. Conventional DTC transient merits are preserved, while the steady-state behavior is significantly improved. The full-order state observer is a sliding-mode one, which does not require the rotor speed adaptation and provides accurate state estimation in the entire speed range. The proposed scheme is a complete variable-structure solution that allows persistent sensorless operation of the drive at very low speeds, including zero and 3 r/min, with full load. Simulations and extensive experimental results confirm the robustness, accuracy, quickness, and low-chattering operation of the drive.     

Performance improvement of sensorless vector control for matrix converter drives using PQR power theory

This paper presents a new method to improve sensorless performance of matrix converter drives using PQR power transformation. The non-linearity of matrix converter drives such as commutation delay, turn-on and turn-off time of switching device, and on-state switching device voltage drop is modelled using PQR transformation and compensated using a reference current control scheme. To eliminate the input current distortion due to the input voltage unbalance, a simple method using PQR transformation is also proposed. The proposed compensation method is applied for high performance induction motor drives using a 3 kW matrix converter system without a speed sensor. Experimental results are shown to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed strategy.     

Detection is key - Harmonic detection methods for active power filter applications

This article gives a survey of the commonly used methods for harmonic detection in active power filters (APFs). The work proposes a simulation setup that decouples the harmonic detection method from the active filter model and its controllers. In this way, the selected methods can be equally analyzed and compared with respect to their performance, which helps in anticipating possible implementation issues. A comparison is given that may be used to decide the future hardware setup implementation. The comparison shows that the choice of numerical filtering is a key factor for obtaining a good accuracy and dynamic performance of an active power filter.     

Overview of Single-phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract

A still booming installation of solar photovoltaic systems has been witnessed worldwide. It is mainly driven by the demand of “clean” power generation. Grid-connected photovoltaic systems will become an even more active player in future mixed power systems, which are linked by a vast of power electronics converters. To achieve reliable and efficient power generation from photovoltaic systems, stringent demands have been imposed on the entire photovoltaic system. In return, it advances the development of power converter technology in photovoltaic systems. This article thus takes an overview of the advancement of power electronics converters in single-phase photovoltaic systems, being commonly used in residential applications. Demands to single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems as well as the general system control strategies are also addressed in this article.     

Power Electronic Drives,Controls, and Electric Generators for Large Wind Turbines–An Overview

Abstract—Wind represents a major and growing source of renewable energy for the electric power systems. This article provides an overview of state-of-the-art technologies and anticipated developments in the area of power electronic drives, controls, and electric generators for large multi-megawatt wind turbine systems. The principal components employed in a turbine for energy conversion from wind to electricity are described, and the main solutions that are commercially available are briefly reviewed. The specific issues of complex mission profiles, power codes, and reliability are discussed. Topics of power electronics, ranging from devices to circuit topologies, and similar matters for electric generators, together with results of optimal design studies are included. It is shown that the individual power rating of wind turbines has increased over the years, and technologies required to reach and exceed a power rating of 10 MW are discussed. The role of power electronics for improving the operation of wind turbines and ensuring compliance with power grid codes is analyzed with a view at producing fully controllable generation units suitable for tight integration into the power grid and large-scale deployment in future smart power systems.     

Renewable Energy Devices and Systems – State-of-the-Art Technology,Research and Development,Challenges and Future Trends

Abstract

In this paper, essential statistics demonstrating the increasing role of renewable energy generation are firstly discussed. A state of the art review section covers fundamentals of wind turbines and PV systems. Included are schematic diagrams illustrating the main components and system topologies and the fundamental and increasing role of power electronics as an enabler for renewable energy integration, and for the future power system and smart grid. Recent examples of research and development, including new devices and system installations for utility power plants, as well for as residential and commercial applications are provided. Fuel cells, solar thermal, wave generators, and energy storage systems are also briefly presented and illustrated. Challenges and future trends for 2025 are summarized in a table for on-shore and off-shore wind energy, solar power, including photovoltaic and concentering, wave energy, fuel cells, and storage with batteries and hydrogen, respectively. Recommended further readings on topics of electric power engineering for renewable energy are included in a final section. This paper also represents an editorial introduction for two special issues of the Electric Power Component and Systems Journal, 43(8–10) and 43(12), respectively.