With increasing globalization, communication across language and cultural boundaries is becoming an essential requirement
of doing business, delivering education, and providing public services. Due to the considerable cost of human translation
services, only a small fraction of text documents and an even smaller percentage of spoken encounters, such as international
meetings and conferences, are translated, with most resorting to the use of a common language (e.g. English) or not taking
place at all. Technology may provide a potentially revolutionary way out if real-time, domain-independent, simultaneous speech
translation can be realized. In this paper, we present a simultaneous speech translation system based on statistical recognition
and translation technology. We discuss the technology, various system improvements and propose mechanisms for user-friendly
delivery of the result. Over extensive component and end-to-end system evaluations and comparisons with human translation
performance, we conclude that machines can already deliver comprehensible simultaneous translation output. Moreover, while
machine performance is affected by recognition errors (and thus can be improved), human performance is limited by the cognitive
challenge of performing the task in real time. 相似文献
The morphology and electronic transport of ultrathin Au films with thicknesses d = 1 ? 5 monolayers (ML) deposited on Si(111)7 × 7 surfaces is investigated by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy and electrical resistance measurements for temperatures T = 2 ? 300 K. With decreasing film thickness, i.e. decreasing sheet conductance Gs, a transition from a weakly conducting regime described by a logarithmic temperature dependence to an insulating regime occurs. In the insulating regime, the temperature dependence is described by Gs ∝ exp[?(T0/T)n] with an exponent n which gradually changes from 0.69 to 1 with decreasing film thickness. In contrast, for the Si(111)6 × 6-Au reconstruction obtained after annealing, an exponent n = 1/2 is found suggesting the formation of a soft Coulomb gap due to electron-electron interaction. PACS numbers: 68.37.-d, 68.55.-a, 73.50.-h, 73.25.+i, 81.15.-z 相似文献
Predictions of the discharge and the associated sediment concentration are very useful ingredients in any water resources reservoir design, planning, maintenance, and operation. Although there are many empirical relationships between the discharge and sediment concentration amounts, they need estimation of model parameters. Generally, parameter estimations are achieved through the regression method (RM), which has several restrictive assumptions. Such models are locally valid and their structures and parameter values are questionable from region to others. This paper proposes a new approach for sediment concentration prediction provided that there are measurements of discharge and sediment concentration. The basis of the methodology is a dynamic transitional model between successive time instances based on two variables, namely, discharge and sediment concentration measurements. The transition matrix elements are estimated from the measurements through a special form of the artificial neural networks as perceptrons. The sediment concentration predictions from discharge measurements are achieved through a perceptron Kalman filtering (PKF) technique. In the meantime, this technique also provides temporal predictions. A certain portion of the measurement sequence is employed for the model parameter estimations through training and the remaining part is used for the model verification. Detailed comparisons between RM and PKF approaches are presented and, finally, it is shown that the latter model works dynamically by simulating the observation scatter diagram in the best possible manner with smaller prediction errors. The application of the methodology is performed for the discharge and sediment concentration measurements obtained from the Mississippi River basin at St. Louis, Missouri. It is found that the PKF methodology has smaller average relative, root-mean-square, and absolute errors than RM. Furthermore, graphical representation, such as the scatter and frequency diagrams, indicated that the PKF approach has superiority over the RM. 相似文献
From the technical and economic points of view, systems integration, and packaging represent a crucial step in the production of microsystems. Compared to purely silicon- or glass-based systems, the variety of materials and geometries available for purely polymer microfluidic systems is much larger, due to the outstanding material properties. Moreover, polymers may be shaped and joined by comparably simple methods. Examples are polymer microreplication as well as various bonding methods. With them, complete polymer microsystems can be integrated. In addition, a number of established, compatible processes are available for the integration of functional elements that may also be made of other materials.
The present paper is concerned with the estimation of structural reliability when a large number of random variables is present. A sampling technique which uses lines in order to probe the failure domain, is presented. The latter is employed in conjunction with a stepwise procedure which makes use of Markov Chains. The resulting algorithm exhibits accelerated convergence. 相似文献
The present paper reports the experimental results on the microstructural and textural characterization of a hot-rolled IF
steel. The IF steel was hot-rolled in multiple passes in the austenitic field (1,070 °C) followed by air-cooling. SEM, TEM,
and LOM were used to image the microstructure of the material. The global texture was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
technique. The mesotexture of selected regions was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show the
presence of a diffuse (nearly random) and weak texture in the hot-band that consists of recrystallized polygonal grains and
subgrains. The fraction of boundaries with misorientations comprised in the interval 2° ≤ ψ < 15° was found to be lower than
5%. It can be concluded that these low angle boundaries and the presence of subgrains can be associated to the existence of
a few areas softened by recovery during or after hot rolling in austenitic field. 相似文献
This paper presents a study of the structural and optical properties of strained GaInAs/ InP multiple quantum well (MQW) structures
fabricated by LP-MOVPE. The composition of the GaxIn1−xAs films ranged fromx = 0.17 tox = 1.0 and was determined by sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) on thick layers. The structures of the MQW samples
with well widths from 1.5 to 5 nm were investigated by high resolution x-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). Simulations of the diffraction
patterns showed that transition layers of approximately 2 monolayer (ML) thickness with high lattice mismatch exist at the
interfaces. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicate well widths of a multiple of a monolayer with local variations of
one monolayer. The PL peak energies vary smoothly with the Ga concentration. These results were confirmed by optical absorption
measurements. 相似文献