The Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile Methyl Salicylate Negatively Affects Attraction of the Parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diadegma semiclausum</Emphasis>

The indirect defense mechanisms of plants comprise the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that can attract natural enemies of plant attackers. One of the often emitted compounds after herbivory is methyl salicylate (MeSA). Here, we studied the importance of this caterpillar-induced compound in the attraction of the parasitoid wasp Diadegma semiclausum by using a mutant Arabidopsis line. Pieris rapae infested AtBSMT1-KO mutant Arabidopsis plants, compromised in the biosynthesis of MeSA, were more attractive to parasitoids than infested wild-type plants. This suggests that the presence of MeSA has negative effects on parasitoid host-finding behavior when exposed to wild-type production of herbivore-induced Arabidopsis volatiles. Furthermore, in line with this, we recorded a positive correlation between MeSA dose and repellence of D. semiclausum when supplementing the headspace of caterpillar-infested AtBSMT1-KO plants with synthetic MeSA.     

DSP内核的演变

首先,为什么及什么时候必须使用DSP？我们可以先从应用的角度进行探讨。举个例说,手机通常需要至少2个DSP引擎,一个用于通信工作,另一个用于应用处理。在通信方面,通话一端的语音信号经数字化和压缩（DSP的一个典型功能）,被调制为一个无线信号（另一个DSP32作）,再通过无线基础设施发送到通话另一端,然后执行解调解压（也是DSP的功能）。     

Scale and scope of environmental planning transformations: The Israeli case

This paper explores the scale and scope of transformations in the environmental planning field, and the factors that may advance or impede their widespread adoption. A conceptual model is offered which examines scope (defined as type, breadth and structure of the transformation), and the scale of its impact (categorized as stakeholder, organizational, institutional or societal) and applies it to the analysis of several cases in Israel where environmental transformations, affecting the way in which planning is conducted, have been adopted. Conclusions include identification of conditions for facilitating and advancing transformations, including knowledge of innovative alternatives, initiative, willingness to adopt new practices, and identification of policy windows that emerge during conflict, reform, or crisis. The fostering of relations between environmental non-government organizations and planning systems and leadership roles are also significant in catalyzing environmental transformation.     

Needs and Impediments for Local Government Reform: Lessons from Israel

Abstract: I argue that calls for local government reform and prospects for implementation are largely a product of images and external sociopolitical circumstances rather than of particular needs and attributes of the local government system. A discussion of images and facts in the case for local government reform in Israel shows that the need for reform was real, but debates were often based on inaccurate perceptions of extreme fragmentation and centralization. Attributes of the sociopolitical environment that form extremely high barriers for reform include ethno‐religious heterogeneity, sociopolitical fragmentation, increasing role of courts as the arenas for societal conflicts, and deep involvement of national parties in local politics in a multiparty coalition government structure. The 2001–2003 political and economic crisis in Israel provides insights on the endurance of barriers for reform. It shows that crisis climate and the creation of unfavorable public image of the present local government system have a role in overcoming such barriers.     

Surface Oxidation as a Cause of High Open‐Circuit Voltage in CdSe ETA Solar Cells

TiO₂/CdSe/CuSCN extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cells are found to give relatively high values of open‐circuit voltage (>0.8 V) but low currents upon annealing the cadmium selenide (CdSe) in air (500 ºC). Annealing in N₂ produces much lower photovoltages and slightly lower photocurrents. Band structure measurements show differences between the two annealing regimes that, however, appear to favor the N₂‐annealed CdSe. On the other hand, chemically resolved electrical measurements (CREM) of the cells reveal marked differences in photo‐induced charge trapping, in particular at absorber grain boundaries of the air versus N₂‐annealed systems, correlated with the formation of Cd–O species at the CdSe surface. Using transient absorption and photovoltage decay, pronounced lifetime differences are also observed, in agreement with the strong suppression of charge recombination. The results point to a multiple role of grain surface‐oxidation, which both impedes electron injection from the CdSe to the TiO_2, but, much more significantly, enhances hole injection to the CuSCN via passivation of hole traps that act as efficient recombination centers.     

解读DOCSIS 2.0技术

新的应用是否需要新的技术?或者，新的技术是否会产生新的应用?在不同的情况下，这一由来已久的问题的答案也各不相同。但就有线宽带市场而言，对这两个问题的回答都是肯定的。     

Enhancing nitrification in vertical flow constructed wetland utilizing a passive air pump

Nitrification of simulated secondary effluent solution using a variant of the vertical flow bed constructed wetland was studied. In this system oxygen required for the nitrification process is supplied by a passive air pump. The passive air pump is based on a fill and draw cycle, where oxygen depleted air is removed from the system while fresh air is introduced. Each volume of effluent drained is displaced by an equal volume of fresh air. Spatial and temporal oxygen distribution in the system as a function of drained effluent volume was investigated. Experimental results of nitrification and the corresponding oxygen consumption show good agreement with theoretical calculations based on physico–chemical considerations. Observations show that while oxygen distribution within the media was found to be non-uniform at the beginning of each cycle, it approached more uniform distribution with time. The latter resulted mainly from diffusion of oxygen in the gaseous phase.     

Real-time geometric deformation displacement maps using programmable hardware

Striving for photorealism, texture mapping, and its more advanced variations, bump and displacement mapping, have all become fundamental tools in computer graphics. Recently, the introduction of programmable graphics hardware has enabled the employment of displacement mapping in real-time applications. While displacement mapping facilitates the actual modification of the underlying geometry, it is constrained by being an injective mapping. Further, it is also limited because it usually maps the geometry of the (low-resolution) smooth base surfaces, typically by displacing their vertices. Drawing from recent work on deformation displacement mapping (DDM) [4], in this paper we offer real-time solutions to both these limitations. Our solutions make it possible to employ the DDM paradigm on programmable graphics hardware. By reversing the roles of the base surfaces and their geometric details, both the one-to-one constraint and the base surface resolution limitation are resolved. Furthermore, this role reversal also paves the way for other benefits such as a tremendous decrease in the memory consumption of geometric detail information in the DDM and the ability to animate the details over the base surface. We show that the presented scheme can be used effectively to generate highly complex renderings and animations, in real time, on modern graphics hardware. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated for both rational parametric base surfaces and polygonal base surfaces.