Sustainability indicators have been broadly used to assess energy technologies both at the national and local levels. However, very few studies have addressed the issue of resilience of energy technologies. Moreover, there is a lack of an integrated framework that combines both sustainability and resilience indicators for the assessment of energy technologies. The aim of this paper is to present the development of an integrated framework of sustainability and resilience indicators for the assessment of low-carbon energy technologies at the local level in Europe. The selection of indicators is based on a modified ‘3S’ approach, composed of literature review, self-validation, scientific validation, and social validation. The study incorporates local stakeholders’ feedback on the selection and validation of evaluation criteria based on a European survey. The vast majority of respondents approved and validated the indicators that were selected through the internal and experts’ validation steps. 相似文献
The assessment of productivity change across companies and over time is of great importance for water utilities managers and regulators. In this paper, for the first time, we apply the Färe-Primont productivity index (FPI) to evaluate the productivity change for the 10 water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) and 12 water only companies (WoCs) in England and Wales during the years 2001–2008. The FPI is the only index that without price data allows making comparisons involving many firms and many periods. The results indicate that during the years 2001–2004 productivity improved which was mainly attributed to gains in efficiency whereas technical change remained constant, the exception being the year 2004. During the years 2005–2008 productivity showed a declining trend and any gains in efficiency were lost to the highly negative technical change on productivity growth. From a policy perspective, it has been illustrated the importance of using a reliable index to compute the productivity change of water companies when the performance of companies is used to set water tariffs. Finally, the decomposition of productivity change into several drivers allows water utilities and managers to identify the main factors on which they should act to improve productivity of the company. 相似文献
The significant increase of geothermal energy production from the Malm reservoir in the greater area of Munich requires better understanding of the associated aquifer system. In this article, a good correlation between lithofacies and hydraulics is found on the basis of lithofacies evaluation of 17 geothermal wells. The main reservoir capacity within the Malm is made up by predominantly dolomitized massive limestones. Well analyses led to a simplified hydrostratigraphic profile, in which the lower Malm units (alpha to gamma) act as aquitards while Malm delta and epsilon units show a two-dimensional widespread and relatively homogeneous aquifer. Malm zeta can develop both aquifer- and aquitard-characteristics due to significant lateral facies changes. Facies changes depend largely on the basin position and subsequent dolomitisation is a crucial factor for the yield of wells drilled in this area. Based on these results, a new exploration strategy should focus more on facies characteristics than on structural features within the Malm Reservoir. 相似文献
Social tagging systems have grown in popularity over the Web in the last years on account of their simplicity to categorize
and retrieve content using open-ended tags. The increasing number of users providing information about themselves through
social tagging activities caused the emergence of tag-based profiling approaches, which assume that users expose their preferences
for certain contents through tag assignments. Thus, the tagging information can be used to make recommendations. This paper
presents an overview of the field of social tagging systems which can be used for extending the capabilities of recommender
systems. Various limitations of the current generation of social tagging systems and possible extensions that can provide
better recommendation capabilities are also considered. 相似文献
It has been argued by many that the Future Internet should address information at the core of its operation. Prototypes have emerged to embody this new paradigm. Applications for such networks, however, are noted primarily by their absence. In spite of an appetite for Information-Centric Networking (ICN) applications, relatively little has come to fruition. We suggest that this is due to an unfavorable development environment, requiring applications to interface with the ICN substrate directly. This paper aims to answer this shortcoming by providing a middleware layer that aids the development of more advanced applications. We also present an application that leverages the middleware and answers a real-world problem concerning personalised media delivery. We argue that the development of this, and potentially other, application(s) is aided by the presence of such an application environment. 相似文献
Summary: In the framework of chemical recycling of polymers, leading to the generation of secondary value‐added products, PET flakes taken from post‐consumer soft drink bottles, were glycolyzed with DEG. The oligomers obtained were analyzed for their molecular weight and characterized by FT‐IR and POM. Subsequently, dimethacrylated oligoesters of PET glycolysate (PET‐GLY‐DMA) were synthesized by methacrylation of the glycolyzed PET product. The resulted monomer PET‐GLY‐DMA was studied by FT‐IR, POM and DSC. Thermal polymerization of this monomer was carried out at 80 °C in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as initiator. A UV‐curable formulation was also prepared on the basis of neat PET‐GLY‐DMA, as well as by mixing PET‐GLY‐DMA with styrene, using DMPA as photoinitiator. Nanoparticles of SiO2 were dispersed into PET‐GLY‐DMA/styrene copolymers as reinforcing agents and the mechanical properties of resins formed were studied.
Preparation of methacrylated PET glycolysate. 相似文献
The return signal of a noncoaxial lidar system with fiber-optic output is examined. The dependence of the overlap regions and the overlap factor of the system on the fiber diameter is calculated for several inclination angles between the laser beam and the optical receiver axes. The effect of central obstruction is included and both cases of Gaussian and quasi-Gaussian laser beam profiles are treated. The irradiance spatial distribution on the focal plane of the system is calculated and experimentally determined. Finally, an alignment procedure of the lidar system is described based on the comparison between the range-corrected lidar signal and the range-corrected exponentially attenuated Rayleigh backscattered coefficient. 相似文献