Solubility measurement,Hansen solubility parameters and solution thermodynamics of gemfibrozil in different pharmaceutically used solvents

Gemfibrozil (GEM) is cholesterol-lowering agent which is being proposed as poorly water soluble drug (PWSD). Temperature based solubility values of GEM are not yet available in literature or any pharmacopoeia/monograph. Hence, the present studies were carried out to determine the solubility of PWSD GEM (as mole fraction) in various pharmaceutically used solvents such as water (H₂O), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (IPA), 1-butanol (1-BuOH), 2-butanol (2-BuOH), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), ethyl acetate (EA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Transcutol^® (THP) at the temperatures ranging from T?=?298.2 K–318.2?K under atmospheric pressure P?=?0.1?MPa. Equilibrium/experimental solubilities of GEM were recorded by applying a saturation shake flask methodology and regressed using ‘van’t Hoff and Apelblat models’. Hansen solubility parameters for GEM and various pharmaceutically used solvents were estimated using HSPiP software. The solid states of GEM (both in pure and equilibrated states) were studied by ‘Differential Scanning Calorimetry’ which confirmed no transformation of GEM after equilibrium. Experimental solubilities of GEM in mole fraction were observed maximum in THP (1.81?×?10^?1) followed by DMSO, PEG-400, EA, 1-BuOH, 2-BuOH, IPA, EtOH, PG, MeOH, EG and H₂O (3.24?×?10^?6) at T?=?318.2 K and similar tendencies were also recorded at T?=?298.2 K, T?=?303.2 K, T?=?308.2 K and T?=?313.2 K. ‘Apparent thermodynamic analysis’ on experimental solubilities furnished ‘endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution’ of GEM in each pharmaceutically used solvent.     

天山冷水藻营养成分、油脂提取工艺条件优化及其脂肪酸组成分析北大核心CSCD

为对开展天山冷水藻相关功效研究提供参考数据,以新疆赛里木湖的天山冷水藻粉为原料,采用凯氏定氮法测定其蛋白质含量,苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,分光光度比色法测定叶绿素含量;采用超声波辅助有机溶剂提取法提取其中的油脂,通过单因素试验优化油脂提取工艺条件;采用气相色谱测定油脂脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明:天山冷水藻中蛋白质含量为41.58%,多糖含量为15.34%,总叶绿素含量为2.42%;天山冷水藻油最佳提取工艺条件为以体积分数为70%的乙醇为提取溶剂、料液比1∶25、超声提取时间20 min,在此条件下油脂得率为32.80%。天山冷水藻油中共检测出14种脂肪酸,以多不饱和脂肪酸为主,占总脂肪酸的66.53%,主要包括亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸,含量分别为50.77%、13.28%和2.48%。天山冷水藻中不仅蛋白质、多糖、叶绿素含量较高,其油脂中多不饱和脂肪酸含量也比较高,具有很大的研究价值。     

STUDIES ON SLUDGE FROM WAXY CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANK. II. SOLVENT FRACTIONATION

Abstract

The sludge formed from crude oil (Bombay High crude oil) dump storage has been analysed by solvent extraction with a series of solvents of increasing polarity. The extract fractions so obtained have been analysed extensively. The nature of the sludge is compared with the similar sludges reported by other workers.     

Studies on urethane‐modified alumina‐filled polyesteramide anticorrosive coatings cured at ambient temperature

Coatings prepared from polyesteramide resin synthesized from linseed oil, a renewable resource, have been found to show improved physicomechanical and anticorrosive characteristics. These properties are further improved when aluminum is incorporated in the polyesteramide resin. The coatings of this resin are generally obtained by baking at elevated temperatures. With a view toward the use of linseed oil, as a precursor for the synthesis of polyesteramide resins and to cure their coatings at ambient temperature, toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) was incorporated into polyesteramide and alumina‐filled polyesteramide in varying proportions to obtain urethane‐modified resins. The latter resins were found to cure at room temperature. The broad structural features of the urethane‐modified polyesteramide and alumina‐filled polyesteramide were confirmed by FTIR and ¹H–NMR spectroscopies. Scratch hardness; impact resistance; bending resistance; specular gloss; and resistance to acid, alkali, and organic solvents of the coatings of these resins were determined by standard methods. Physicomechanical and anticorrosive properties, specular gloss, and thermal stability of the urethane‐modified alumina‐filled polyesteramide coatings were found to be at higher levels among these resins. It was found that TDI could be incorporated in polyesteramide up to only 6 wt %, such that above this loading its properties started to deteriorate, whereas alumina‐filled polyesteramide could take up to 10 wt % TDI. Explanation is provided for the increase in scratch hardness and impact resistance above 6 and 10 wt % addition of TDI in polyesteramide and alumina‐filled polyesteramide, respectively, as well as for the decrease in flexibility and resistance to solvents, acid, and alkali of coatings of these resins above these limits of TDI addition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1855–1865, 2001     

Structural,mechanical, and electrical properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized from diesel

We studied the elemental analysis, structural morphology, mechanical, and electrical properties of carbon nanoparticles synthesized from diesel. The spherical carbon particle size in the range of about 10 to 80 nm in diameter was observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies that were identified by Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study as an aggregation of carbon particles of average size 2.5 nm. The surface rms of carbon nanoparticle thin film (CNTF) was measured directly by AFM and found 0.22 nm. The Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) elastic modulus of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) was measured by PeakForce QNM mode of AFM. The minimum and maximum elastic modulus was measured of 0.40 GPa and 43.89 GPa, respectively. The resistivity, conductivity, magneto resistance, mobility, and average Hall co-efficient were measured by “Ecopia Hall-effect measurement system” by four-point Van der Pauw approach at ambient condition. We demonstrated I–V characteristic at the Indium/CNTF thin film interface, which is accompanied by rectifying behavior.     

STUDIES ON SLUDGE FROM WAXY CRUDE OIL STORAGE TANK. II. SOLVENT FRACTIONATION

The sludge formed from crude oil (Bombay High crude oil) dump storage has been analysed by solvent extraction with a series of solvents of increasing polarity. The extract fractions so obtained have been analysed extensively. The nature of the sludge is compared with the similar sludges reported by other workers.     

A family of integration algorithms for constitutive equations in finite deformation elasto-viscoplasticity

A two parameter family of incrementally objective integration schemes is proposed for the analysis of a broad range of unified rate-dependent viscoplastic constitutive models in large deformation problems. A similar scheme can be applied to rate-independent solids as well. These algorithms are a generalization of the mid-point integration rule. Full linearization of the principle of virtual work is performed in an updated Lagrangian framework together with a calculation of the consistent linearized moduli. Some details of the finite element implementation are given for plane strain and axisymmetric problems. The method is compared with other objective integration schemes and is tested with several examples where large strains and rotations occur.     

Ultrafast Relaxation of Charge Carriers Induced Switching in Terahertz Metamaterials

We demonstrate ultrafast switching of resonant mode in terahertz metamaterials through optical excitation of radiation-damaged silicon placed in the gap of a split-ring resonator. Upon optical excitation, we observe the dynamic transition of the fundamental resonance from ON-to-OFF state on a timescale of 4 picoseconds (ps) and then fast recovery of the resonance to the ON-state within the next 20 ps. Electric field distributions in the metamaterial unit cell derived through numerical simulations clearly support our experimental observations, showing that the high electric field at the resonator gaps, responsible for inductive-capacitive (LC) resonance, completely disappears and switches OFF the resonance after being optically excited. The ultrafast switching of the metamaterial resonance is attributed to the relaxation of the photo-carriers through the defect states of radiation-damaged silicon layer. Such ultrafast material–based active control of metamaterials can lead to the ultrafast terahertz metaphotonic devices.