Comparative study of long-term effects of surgical excision and excision combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy in breast cancer: an analysis of 192 cases

Clinical data of 192 patients with breast cancer with a primary lesion of 2-5 cm (stage II according to the criteria recommended by the UICC) and with histopathologically confirmed positive axillary lymph nodes were analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups: 1) surgical excision alone; 2) surgery plus irradiation; and 3) surgery plus chemotherapy. It was shown that the 5-year survival rates for these groups were 40.5%, 61.0%, and 62.0%, respectively (P less than .05).     

Cellular infiltrates in the target organs associated with acute graft-versus-host disease

Acute graft-versus-host disease (AGVHD) has been one of the major obstacles in successful bone marrow transplantation for many years. The histologic manifestations of AGVHD have been well defined but much less is known about the cellular infiltrates in the target organs during AGVHD, the structure of the inflammation is different in different target organs and is not necessarily similar to classical allograft rejection. This review covers, in addition to the histologic approach, the cytologic and functional approaches to the AGVHD associated with inflammatory cells.     

Choice of an ovarian stimulation protocol according to the follicular puncture method in an in vitro fertilization programme

In order to ascertain the adequacy of ovarian stimulation protocols with a type of follicular puncture, 126 women undergoing in vitro fertilization received either combination clomiphene/hMG or hMG alone according to a randomized test protocol. Within both groups patients for whom a pelvic examination was required had laparoscopies, while others had transvaginal ultrasonically guided punctures as far as possible. Clomiphene/hMG was more efficient than hMG alone as assessed from the cleavage rate (68% vs. 54%; p less than 0.01) and the pregnancy per attempt rate (16% vs. 5%; p less than 0.05). Laparoscopic punctures were more efficient than ultrasonically guided punctures (mean number of recovered oocytes: 4.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 3 +/- 2.5; p less than 0.001), but slightly better results were achieved by this latter method in ongoing pregnancy per puncture rate (18% vs. 8%; NS). With ultrasonically guided punctures, stimulation by clomiphene/hMG allowed better oocyte recoveries (3.8 +/- 2.5 vs. 2.3 +/- 1.9, p less than 0.05). Such results constitute an argument for preferential use of the clomiphene/hMG stimulation protocol with ultrasonically guided punctures.     

Training Synergies Between Medical Informatics and Health Services Research: Successes and Challenges

Stanford''s two decades of success in linking medical informatics and health services research in both training and investigational activities reflects advantageous geography and history as well as natural synergies in the two areas. Health services research and medical informatics at Stanford have long shared a quantitative, analytic orientation, along with linked administration, curriculum, and clinical activities. Both the medical informatics and the health services research curricula draw on diverse course offerings throughout the university, and both the training and research overlap in such areas as outcomes research, large database analysis, and decision analysis/decision support. The Stanford experience suggests that successful integration of programs in medical informatics and health services research requires areas of overlapping or synergistic interest and activity among the involved faculty and, hence, in time, among the students. This is enhanced by a mixture of casual and structured contact among students from both disciplines, including social interactions. The challenges to integration are how to overcome any geographic separation that may exist in a given institution; the proper management of relationships with those sub-areas of medical informatics that have less overlap with health services research; and the need to determine how best to exploit opportunities for collaboration that naturally occur.Training in medical informatics and health services research has been closely linked at Stanford University for almost two decades. Although the close linkage was deliberate, it was facilitated by historical circumstances, in particular the common academic structures in which both programs arose. In this paper, we describe some of that rationale and history, identifying the areas of overlap that we have pursued in coordinating the training opportunities for graduate students and fellows in both areas of study. As we shall note, the synergies have been great, and in some cases trainees have collaborated closely on research while also taking some of the same courses. We believe that these interactions can be a model for the design of training programs that encourage scholarly interactions between medical informatics and health services research. Although our initial charge was to describe both the successes and failures in integrating the programs, we found that we could not identify any outright failures and that it would be better to delineate the complexities and challenges that we have faced in bringing together these two disciplines.     

大鼠内毒素血症时外周血及肺泡内中性粒细胞死亡方式及呼吸爆发

本研究观察大鼠内毒素血症时肺组织中及外周血多形核中性粒细胞（PMN）凋亡，坏死及功能改变的差异。采用Wistar大鼠20只。腹腔注射LPS（O55B5，5mg/kg)造成内毒素血症，给予LPS后2，4，8，12小时（每组5只动物）取血及支气管肺泡灌洗，密度梯度法分离PMN，用流式细胞仪测定凋亡和坏死比例以及呼吸爆发功能的改变，同时采用5只大鼠作为正常对照。结果显示，内毒素血症时外周血和支气管肺泡灌洗液中PMN凋亡细胞比例相似。但与对照相比，外周血PMN坏死比例明显增加，呼吸爆发能力明显受抑，而支气管肺泡灌洗液PMN坏死比例显减少，呼吸爆发能力显增强。结论：在内毒素血症时，扣押于肺组织中的PMN在凋亡和坏死上表现出与比例显减少，呼吸爆发能力显增强，结论：在内毒素血症时，扣押于肺组织中的PMN在凋亡和坏死上表现出与外周血PMN不同的改变，其结果是组织中PMN存活增加，并持续处于活化状态，这与PMN造成组织损伤有关。