The impact of childhood symptoms of conduct disorder on driver aggression in adulthood

Background

Despite limited empirical investigation, existing scientific literature suggests that individuals with a history or current diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) may be more likely to demonstrate reckless and aggressive driving. Much of the limited research in this field examines the impact of childhood CD on driver behaviour and collision risk in young adults. Few if any, studies assess the impact of this disorder on driver behaviour beyond age 21 years. The current research is a population-based study of the impact of CD symptoms during childhood on the risk of engaging in driver aggression during adulthood.

Methods

Data are based on telephone interviews with 5230 respondents who reported having driven in the past year. Data are derived from the 2011–2013 cycles of the CAMH Monitor, an ongoing cross-sectional survey of adults in Ontario, Canada aged 18 years and older. A binary logistic regression analysis of self-reported driver aggression in the previous 12 months was conducted, consisting of measures of demographic characteristics, driving exposure, problem substance use, alcohol- and drug-impaired driving, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and childhood (before age 15) symptoms of CD.

Results

When entered with demographic characteristics, driving exposure, and other potential confounders, childhood symptoms of CD increased the odds of reporting driver aggression more than two-fold (adjusted OR = 2.12). Exploratory analyses of the interaction between childhood symptoms of CD and age was not a significant predictor of driver aggression.

Conclusions

Results suggest that symptoms of CD during childhood are associated with significantly increased odds of self-reported driver aggression during adulthood. Limitations and future directions of the research are discussed.     

Relative Elevation Topographic Surface Modelling of a Large Alluvial River Floodplain and Applications for the Study and Management of Riparian Landscapes

This paper presents a novel and useful spatial modelling technique to create a topographic surface that estimates a floodplain's elevation relative to the average low-flow water surface elevation of a river channel. This model was applied to a 121 km study area of the middle Sacramento River, California, USA, where it was tested as a surrogate for observed water table depth and an observed 3.3 year recurrence interval flood inundation surface using independent data sets. The modelled relative elevation topographic surface correlated significantly (p < 0.005) to observed well water depths suggesting that the modelled surface reflected a reasonable approximation of vertical distance to the water table. Results from a flood inundation pattern analysis indicated an overall accuracy of 79% for correctly predicting inundated and non-inundated zones. The model was then used to measure relative channel bank height and the distribution of riparian plant communities to examine landscape ecological relationships.     

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The bottromycins are a family of highly modified peptide natural products, which display potent antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bottromycins have recently been shown to be ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Unique amongst RiPPs, the precursor peptide BotA contains a C‐terminal “follower” sequence, rather than the canonical N‐terminal “leader” sequence. We report herein the structural and biochemical characterization of BotP, a leucyl‐aminopeptidase‐like enzyme from the bottromycin pathway. We demonstrate that BotP is responsible for the removal of the N‐terminal methionine from the precursor peptide. Determining the crystal structures of both apo BotP and BotP in complex with Mn²⁺ allowed us to model a BotP/substrate complex and to rationalize substrate recognition. Our data represent the first step towards targeted compound modification to unlock the full antibiotic potential of bottro‐ mycin.     

Synthese substituierter 2-Nitrophenylhydrazone von 2-Oxodicarbonsäureestern und Untersuchung ihres Tautomerie- und Absorptionsverhaltens

Synthesis of Substituted 2-Nitrophenylhydrazones of 2-Oxodicarboxylic Acid Esters and Investigation of Their Tautomerism and Absorption Behaviour 32 Substituted 2-nitrophenylhydrazones of diethyl oxalacetate, 2-oxoglutaric acid and its 1-mono- and 1,5-dialkyl esters, resp., have been synthesized from substituted 2-nitrophenylhydrazines and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-dihydrazinobenzene and the carbonyl compounds named above. ¹H-n.m.r. spectra prove all products to have the constitution of hydrazones and not that of azo compounds or enhydrazines and also allow the assignation of the E- and Z-configuration, resp., to the hydrazone diastereomers. The absorption behaviour of all hydrazones is discussed with comparison of the different substitution patterns. Unexpectedly, the 4,6-dinitro-1,3-bishydrazones 27 – 32 show very high lg ϵ_max values (at about 4.8) due to their crossed two chromophoric systems.     

Oxidative Kupplung CH-acider Verbindungen mit p-Phenylendiaminen. V. Massenspektrometrische Fragmentierung von 4-substituierten 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-pyrazolin-5-onen

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<正>议题的背景2008年某期《华尔街日报》曾报道,到公元2050年地球总人口数量将从现在的69.1亿增加到91.9亿多。因此,人类对于稀有资源和不可再生资源的需求将会加剧,同时也将急需新的开发资源的     

Säurekatalysierte Umsetzungen von Aromaten mit Alkanen und Cycloalkanen. IX. Alkylierungen mit 2,2,4-Trimethylpentan (Isooctan)

Acid-catalyzed Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. IX. Alkylations with 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane) The non-conventional alkylation of benzene, toluene, ethyl- and isopropylbenzene, fluoro- and chlorobenzene with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the presence of acid catalysts is described. The composition of the rather complex reaction mixtures is determined by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, tert. butylarenes being the main products beside alkylsubstituted indanes and tetralines. Their formation is interpreted as a competition between fragmentation and isomerization of the alkylating agent. By use of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or combinations of catalysts from HF or HSO₃F with variant metallic fluorides at lower temperatures the selectivity of the reaction may be partially raised.     

Massenspektrometrische Fragmentierung von 4-substituierten 5-Hydroxynaphth[2,1-d]1,3-oxathiol-2-onen

Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation of 4-Substituted 5-Hydroxynaphth[2,1-d]1,3-oxathiol-2-ones The mass spectra of 5-hydroxynaphth[2,1-d]1,3-oxathiol-2-ones 1a-1x have been studied. They show characteristic fragmentations with participation of neighbouring groups. Investigations of isotopically labelled 4-alkyl and 4-acyl derivatives give evidence for the formation of cyclic ionic structures.