全文获取类型
收费全文 | 40557篇 |
免费 | 2619篇 |
国内免费 | 1343篇 |
学科分类
工业技术 | 44519篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 162篇 |
2023年 | 576篇 |
2022年 | 973篇 |
2021年 | 1389篇 |
2020年 | 1056篇 |
2019年 | 881篇 |
2018年 | 1039篇 |
2017年 | 1149篇 |
2016年 | 958篇 |
2015年 | 1259篇 |
2014年 | 1616篇 |
2013年 | 2007篇 |
2012年 | 2087篇 |
2011年 | 2329篇 |
2010年 | 1969篇 |
2009年 | 1803篇 |
2008年 | 1733篇 |
2007年 | 1624篇 |
2006年 | 1791篇 |
2005年 | 1625篇 |
2004年 | 1107篇 |
2003年 | 933篇 |
2002年 | 863篇 |
2001年 | 747篇 |
2000年 | 862篇 |
1999年 | 1191篇 |
1998年 | 2804篇 |
1997年 | 1834篇 |
1996年 | 1408篇 |
1995年 | 926篇 |
1994年 | 782篇 |
1993年 | 727篇 |
1992年 | 302篇 |
1991年 | 285篇 |
1990年 | 214篇 |
1989年 | 204篇 |
1988年 | 187篇 |
1987年 | 152篇 |
1986年 | 122篇 |
1985年 | 93篇 |
1984年 | 21篇 |
1983年 | 30篇 |
1982年 | 64篇 |
1981年 | 58篇 |
1980年 | 49篇 |
1978年 | 18篇 |
1977年 | 164篇 |
1976年 | 319篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
1955年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
92.
We used a new injury device that produces consistent spinal cord contusion injuries (T8) in rats to compare the behavioral and histologic effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) administration, the clinical standard of therapy after acute spinal cord injury (ASCI), with the 21-aminosteroid, U-74006F (U74), and the TRH analogue, YM-14673 (YM), at different trauma doses. Three sequential experiments were conducted: Experiment 1. U74 (3.0/1.5/1.5 mg/kg; 10/5/5 mg/kg; 30/15/15 mg/kg), MPSS (30/15/15 mg/kg), or vehicle were administered intravenously (i.v.) at 5 min, 2 and 6 h after the injury (n = 8/group). U74 (10/5/5 mg/kg) and MPSS animals scored better than controls (Days 8-43) in open field walking (OFW); no other differences were seen between groups. Experiment 2. Dose-response evaluation of MPSS determined more effective doses. Groups (n = 16) receiving 30/30/30/30 mg/kg and 60/60/60/60 mg/kg i.v. at 5 min and 2, 4, and 6 h after the injury had better OFW scores than controls (Days 8-29; Day 29). Both groups performed better than controls (Days 8-29) on inclined plane (IP); 30 mg/kg animals scored higher on Day 29. Percentage tissue spared (%TS) at the lesion center was greater for 60 mg/kg animals (23.4%) than controls (17.3%). Experiment 3. Compounds were administered as in experiment 2 (n = 15/group); MPSS (60/30/30/30 mg/kg) and YM (1/1/1/1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg/day ip) were most effective. YM and MPSS combination produced no additive effects. YM animals scored better than MPSS and control animals in OFW (Days 8-29) and better than controls on IP (Days 8-29; Day 29) and grid walking (Day 29). MPSS animals scored better than controls on IP (Days 8-29). YM and MPSS groups had greater %TS than controls. This series of experiments demonstrates the utility of this injury model and simple behavioral measures for preclinical assessment of pharmacologic agents. Under these experimental conditions, U74 demonstrated equivalent efficacy to MPSS, and YM demonstrated greater efficacy than MPSS in the treatment of ASCI. 相似文献
93.
本文根据ITU-T最新的Q.2971协议,以及笔者所从事的实际课题,提出一整套B-ISDN第三层UNI信令的软件实现策略,其特点是能同时满足用户对点到点以及点到多点广播这两种通信方式的要求,而且可以动态配置。 相似文献
94.
自韧Si3N4陶瓷的显微结构及其性能研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用热压的方法制得室温断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别为11.2MPa·m ̄(1/2)、823MPa,高温(1350℃)断裂韧性和抗弯强度分别为23.9MPa·m ̄(1/2)、630MPa的自韧Si_3N_4陶瓷。研究了显微结构和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明:玻璃相的含量、β-Si_3N_4的长径比等对性能有重要影响。分析了自韧Si_3N_4陶瓷的增韧机理,通过SEM明显观察到Si_3N_4中存在裂纹偏转、分支和β-Si_3N_4拔出现象。 相似文献
95.
T Ojasoo E Bignon A Crastes de Paulet JC Doré J Gilbert JF Miquel M Pons JP Raynaud 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,44(3):239-250
A multivariate statistical method, correspondence factorial (CF) analysis, was used to examine the correlations among the protein binding and cell proliferation effects of a series of 36 di- and triphenylethylenes (DPEs and TPEs). The analysis was applied to a study which measured their competition for estradiol binding to cytosol estrogen receptor (ER), their influence on protein kinase C (PKC) activity under different conditions of enzyme activation, their ability to promote the growth of a breast cancer cell line and to inhibit growth at high concentrations (cytotoxicity). The CF analysis revealed several levels of correlation. First, it distinguished those molecules within the population that stimulated rather than inhibited PKC activity. Second, it made apparent a strong correlation between cytotoxicity and inhibition of Ca++ and phosphatidylserine-dependent PKC activity, which was most marked when the enzyme had been activated by diacylglycerol indicating that PKC inhibition under physiological conditions might contribute to the overall cytotoxicity of these compounds. Third, a lower level of correlation was established between competition for ER binding and cytotoxicity. Taken together, the results suggest that MCF7 cells might be most sensitive to a cytotoxic effect of TPEs (via PKC and other targets) when they at the same time decrease estrogen-stimulated proliferation via an ER-mediated antiestrogenic effect. 相似文献
96.
Ligation of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) cell surface receptors induces death in apoptosis-sensitive cells. Induction of apoptosis in adherent gamma interferon-stimulated HT-29 and COLO 205 colon carcinoma cells by cross-linking CD95 with anti-APO-1 monoclonal antibody resulted in detachment of the cells from hyaluronate starting about 1 h after antibody exposure. Loss of adhesion was paralleled by a substantial reduction of the multifunctional cell surface adhesion molecule CD44. As evidenced by cycloheximide treatment, this effect was not caused by impaired protein synthesis. Depletion of surface CD44 was also not due to membrane blebbing, since cytochalasin B failed to inhibit ascension from hyaluronate. Instead, ELISA and time kinetics showed increasing amounts of soluble CD44 in the supernatant of CD95-triggered cells. SDS-PAGE revealed that soluble CD44 had an apparent molecular mass of about 20 kD less than CD44 immunoprecipitated from intact cells. Thus, CD95-triggering induced shedding of CD44. Shedding is a novel mechanism operative in early steps of CD95-mediated apoptosis. Shedding surface molecules like CD44 might contribute to the active disintegration of dying epithelial cells in vivo. 相似文献
97.
CA O'Neill CL Stebbins S Bonigut B Halliwell JC Longhurst 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,81(3):1197-1206
Reactive oxygen species increase during exhaustive contraction of skeletal muscle, but characterization of the specific species involved and their rates of production during nonexhaustive muscle contraction have not been investigated. We hypothesized that the production rate of hydroxyl radical (.OH) increases in contracting muscle and that this rate is attenuated by pretreatment with deferoxamine (Def) or dimethylthiourea (DMTU). We measured the rate of production of .OH before, during, and after 5 min of intermittent static contraction of the triceps surae muscles in cats (n = 6) using the formation of p-, m-, and o-tyrosines by hydroxylation of phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine (30 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to each animal 3 min before contraction. Blood samples were collected from the popliteal vein 1 min before contraction; 1, 3, and 4.5 min during contraction; and 1 min after contraction. During and after contraction, the cumulative production rates of p-, m-, and o-tyrosines were elevated by 42.84 +/- 5.41, 0.25 +/- 0.04, and 0.21 +/- 0.03 nmol.min-1.g-1, respectively, compared with noncontracting triceps surae muscles. Pretreatment with Def (10 mg/kg i.v.; n = 5) or DMTU (10 mg/kg i.v.; n = 4) decreased the cumulative rates of production of p-, m-, and o-tyrosines during and after contraction. Additionally, the rate of tyrosine production increased in proportion to the percentage of maximal tension developed by the triceps surae muscles. These results directly demonstrate that .OH is produced in vivo in the skeletal muscle of cats during intermittent static contraction and that production can occur before the onset of fatigue. 相似文献
98.
99.
D Crenesse B Fossat F Craffa P Chaland J Porthe-Nibelle JC Poiree J Gugenheim 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,31(6):540-548
Isolated hepatocytes from the rat were used to assess the maintenance of liver cell function in relation to the composition of the preservation medium. After separation by collagenase, they were incubated in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonate medium (KRB), Euro-Collins (EC), or University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions. Potassium influx, cell volume, and transaminase release were measured in cells freshly separated from control livers or from livers preserved in vitro up to 12 h in these media or having undergone orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). While ion exchange levels were retained in all media, cells shrank significantly in UW but were able to restore their volume after 3 h of liver preservation. With regard to in vivo conditions, UW appears to be the best medium to prevent edema and to maintain more stable potassium exchange and enzyme production. These results are of value for liver transplantation in humans. 相似文献
100.
Apoptosis in the failing human heart 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G Olivetti R Abbi F Quaini J Kajstura W Cheng JA Nitahara E Quaini C Di Loreto CA Beltrami S Krajewski JC Reed P Anversa 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,336(16):1131-1141
BACKGROUND: Loss of myocytes is an important mechanism in the development of cardiac failure of either ischemic or nonischemic origin. However, whether programmed cell death (apoptosis) is implicated in the terminal stages of heart failure is not known. We therefore studied the magnitude of myocyte apoptosis in patients with intractable congestive heart failure. METHODS: Myocardial samples were obtained from the hearts of 36 patients who underwent cardiac transplantation and from the hearts of 3 patients who died soon after myocardial infarction. Samples from 11 normal hearts were used as controls. Apoptosis was evaluated histochemically, biochemically, and by a combination of histochemical analysis and confocal microscopy. The expression of two proto-oncogenes that influence apoptosis, BCL2 and BAX, was also determined. RESULTS: Heart failure was characterized morphologically by a 232-fold increase in myocyte apoptosis and biochemically by DNA laddering (an indicator of apoptosis). The histochemical demonstration of DNA-strand breaks in myocyte nuclei was coupled with the documentation of chromatin condensation and fragmentation by confocal microscopy. All these findings reflect apoptosis of myocytes. The percentage of myocytes labeled with BCL2 (which protects cells against apoptosis) was 1.8 times as high in the hearts of patients with cardiac failure as in the normal hearts, whereas labeling with BAX (which promotes apoptosis) remained constant. The near doubling of the expression of BCL2 in the cardiac tissue of patients with heart failure was confirmed by Western blotting. CONCLUSIONS: Programmed death of myocytes occurs in the decompensated human heart in spite of the enhanced expression of BCL2; this phenomenon may contribute to the progression of cardiac dysfunction. 相似文献