Retrofitting of the Heat Exchanger Network with Steam Generation in a Crude Oil Distillation Unit

Steam generation through hot streams has an important impact on the utility consumption of a crude oil distillation unit. Retrofitting of the heat exchanger network with steam generation in a crude oil distillation unit is studied with regard to efficient energy usage. The grand composite curve is employed to provide insights into the steam generation problem, and a mixed‐integer linear programming model, presented previously for heat integration through hot discharges/feeds and steam generation, is used to obtain the optimal parameters for steam generation. Three heuristic rules are then proposed to determine suitable hot streams for steam generation. Finally, the heat exchanger network is modified based on pinch technology. After the retrofit, the hot and cold utility decrease.     

Cell-free apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts: inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria

Apoptotic cell death involves a ritual series of morphological changes, presumably reflecting a conserved molecular pathway. We now report that the nuclear events typical of apoptosis can be reproduced in "apoptotic" Xenopus egg extracts. In this cell-free system, nuclear assembly and protein import are initially normal; after 2-4 hr, however, a process of nuclear destruction ensues involving chromatin condensation and the shrinkage and fragmentation of the nuclei. This apoptotic process, which also occurs in nuclei added exogenously, is blocked by the addition of baculovirus-expressed Bcl-2 protein. To block the disintegration of nuclei that are added later, Bcl-2 must be present during this latent period. "Apoptosis" in these extracts requires a dense organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria. The cell-free system described here provides a novel tool for understanding intracellular events in apoptosis and the inhibitory function of Bcl-2.     

Lamellar Thickness of a Syndiotactic Polystyrene Determined from Small-angle X-ray Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy

Extensive morphological studies on a syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) sample prepared from compression molding were carried out using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SAXS was conducted at 25C as well as at 150C to enhance the scattering contrast in order to obtain more reliable morphological parameters. The compression-molded sample was crystallized into a orthorhombic crystal lattice characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). A similar weight fraction of crystallinity, ca. 0.37, was obtained from both WAXD and differential scanning calorimetry measurements.In addition to the scattering peak at a scattering vector of ca. 0.36 nm^–1 attributable to the presence of lamellar/amorphous layers, anomalous scattering at the zero angle was found from the SAXS intensity profiles. Based on the Debye–Bueche theory, the scattering profile of this peculiar zero-angle scattering was deduced and was subtracted from the raw intensity profile to obtain the intensity profile exclusively associated with the lamellar/amorphous structure. A consistent long period was obtained for SAXS measured either at 25 or 150C, provided that the appropriate subtraction of intensities due to the zero-angle scattering was conducted. Moreover, the lamellar thickness deduced from the one-dimensional correlation function was in good agreement with TEM results. A difference scattering pattern derived from SAXS measured at 150 and 25C was obtained and a comparison of the morphological parameters was provided as well.     

水下成像镜头的光学设计

水下光学成像技术,如水下摄影、水下电视、水下激光距离选通成像系统等,是海洋研究与开发的得力工具,但由于水对光的散射和吸收等特殊的光学特性,以及使用环境的特殊性,使水下光学成像系统的设计和研制较陆上光学系统有更大的难度。本文指出了主要的技术关键,及设计与使用水下光学成像系统时需注意的问题,最后给出了水下电视光学成像系统设计研制的实例。     

纤维土的三轴试验研究

考虑了纤维材料的尺寸效应,采用常规三轴仪研究了纤维土在不固结、不排水条件下的强度特性和补强机理。试验结果表明,该纤维土的强度和整体稳定性较素土有明显提高,是由于纤维弯曲与土颗粒均匀地交织在一起构成了空间(三维)结构,土体与纤维之间产生咬合摩擦力和空间约束力所致。同时试验还表明,纤维掺量和围压也是决定纤维土性质的重要因素。     

爆破荷载诱发节理岩体边坡位移突变的能量机理研究

爆破荷载是水利水电工程岩石边坡开挖主要动力扰动因素之一,在爆破开挖过程中常会出现位移突变.首先根据某节理岩质边坡实测位移数据进行分析,然后结合数值模拟研究了爆破荷载诱发节理岩体边坡位移突变机理及其变化规律,最后探讨爆破设计参数对节理岩体边坡位移突变的影响.研究表明:爆破荷载下,节理岩体的位移突变是由爆破荷载升压阶段岩体...     

河道内生态环境需水量研究

河道内生态环境需水量的合理量化是河流生态系统健康维护和水资源优化配置中亟待解决的热点问题。为此,分析总结了河道内生态环境需水量的概念及其内涵、确定原则、量化方法的最新研究成果,提出目前河道内生态环境需水量研究中存在的一些问题,同时展望了河道内生态环境需水量研究的发展趋势。     

基于负序分量补偿的纵联零序方向保护判据与仿真研究

针对纵联零序方向零压不够时保护拒动的实际问题,考虑到系统中各站点间的负序转移阻抗远小于零序转移阻抗,单相接地故障时负序电压大于零序电压这一特点,论文提出了基于负序分量补偿的方向保护补充判据.判据进行了周密的实用化考虑,利用故障后零负序电压与电流的相位关系来判别故障方向,在深入分析判据动作特性及灵敏度的基础上,按照故障特征的差异逐步提高灵敏度,综合构成了较完善的纵联接地方向保护方案.实例验证与仿真结果均表明,由该负序分量补偿的纵联零序方向保护在零序方向元件因电压不足而拒动时,能可靠判别故障方向,并具有良好的可靠性与选择性,从而有效改善了纵联接地保护的性能.     

烟气CO_2捕集胺液净化回用技术

针对CO2捕集系统有机胺液中热稳定盐的积累进而引起胺液损耗增加、腐蚀严重等问题,提出采用阴离子交换树脂去除胺液中热稳定盐阴离子,采用活性炭吸附去除胺液色度,最后采用大孔树脂进一步净化胺液的组合工艺,并对工艺的影响因素,以及净化胺液的吸收性能进行了测试。结果表明:阴离子交换树脂处理工艺在较高的温度、pH值及含盐量水平的条件下,均可以达到较好的效果,热稳盐去除率可达90%以上;变质有机胺液经过处理后,其CO2吸附能力恢复至新鲜胺液的92%,并且溶液颜色恢复至淡黄色透明液体,可满足工业回用要求。     

基于脉冲电声法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术的研究进展

空间电荷现象严重制约着高压直流塑料电缆的发展。目前,脉冲电声法（pulse electric acoustic,PEA）是国际上常用的测量固体电介质中空间电荷分布的非破坏性的方法之一。首先从高压脉冲的注入方式出发,简述了几种基于PEA法的同轴塑料电缆空间电荷测量技术;同时,提出了一种基于高压脉冲从测量电极注入电缆试样的改进测量装置,在该装置中通过蓄电池、环氧底座以及光电转换器等将采集数据的示波器进行对地隔离,从而提高了测量系统测量信号的频带宽度;然后,介绍了同轴塑料电缆空间电荷波形的恢复方法;最后,概述了空间电荷测量技术在评估电力电缆老化程度中的应用和未来在线测量空间电荷的可行性及发展方向。