Electronic model of a Ferroelectric Field Effect transistor

Abstract

A pair of electronic models has been developed of a Ferroelectric Field Effect transistor. These models can be used in standard electrical circuit simulation programs to simulate the main characteristics of the FFET. The models use the Schmitt trigger circuit as a basis for their design. One model uses bipolar junction transistors and one uses MOSFET's. Each model has the main characteristics of the FFET, which are the current hysterisis with different gate voltages and decay of the drain current when the gate voltage is off. The drain current from each model has similar values to an actual FFET that was measured experimentally. The input and output resistance in the models are also similar to that of the FFET. The models are valid for all frequencies below RF levels. Each model can be used to design circuits using FFET's with standard electrical simulation packages. These circuits can be used in designing non-volatile memory circuits and logic circuits and are compatible with all SPICE based circuit analysis programs. The models consist of only standard electrical components, such as BJT's, MOSFET's, diodes, resistors, and capacitors. Each model is compared to the experimental data measured from an actual FFET.     

Environmentalism and the multinational corporation: a viewpoint‐part II

This is Part Two of a two‐part paper on environmentalism and the multinational corporation. Part One was published in the previous issue of this journal.

In Part One, we explored the concept of “power as capability” as seen in the rationale for international production, namely, ownership, locational, and internalization advantages. In this Part, we apply the concept of “power as influence” to re‐examine the bargaining power of the host country, the MNC, the home country, and Non‐Governmental Organizations. It is argued that in the initial bargaining with LDC host country, the power balance is tipped in favor of MNC as the lack of technical expertise may hinder feasibility assessment of pollution performance. However, over time, the bargaining power of LDC host increases, but constrained by the momentum of globalization. The power of the MNC is higher in manufacturing than in extractive industries. Home country plays an important role in influencing the formulating of corporate environmental policies by the MNC. The influence of NGOs is minimal while a lack of effective international pressure on MNCs arises from the non‐existence of a powerful a supranational IGO.     

Extrusion coating performances of iPP/LDPE blends

The performance of iPP/LDPE blends in an extrusion coating process was investigated in the terms of coating width and draw‐down ability. It is well known that iPP alone is not proper because of lower draw‐down ability with severe draw resonance in elongational flow. To obtain higher draw‐down ability, iPP was blended with LDPE. Additionally, iPPs having different molecular weight distribution (MWD) were used in this study to find out the effect of MWD of iPP on neck‐in and draw‐down ability. It was observed that iPP/LDPE blend with narrower MWD exhibits narrower coating width and higher draw‐down ability. Neck‐in and draw‐down ability were correlated with shear and elongational properties obtained by several rheological measurements. From this study, the major rheological parameters affecting extrusion performance in iPP/LDPE blends could be assessed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Rubral tremor associated with cavernous angioma of the midbrain

The insecticidal activity of five alkylfurans against the generalist insect herbivore beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was examined. Two naturally occurring compounds, the avocadofurans 2-(pentadecyl)furan (1) and 2-(heptadecyl)furan (2), previously isolated from specialized avocado idioblast oil cells, and three homologues, 2-(tetradecyl)furan (3), 2-(hexadecyl)furan (4), and 2-(octadecyl)furan (5), were synthesized. Bioassays of alkylfurans 1-5 using a 9-day diet-incorporation initiated with neonates showed that all alkylfurans tested significantly increased S. exigua larval mortality and reduced larval weights, with maximal biological activity detected among the naturally occurring alkylfurans 1 and 2.     

Cross sectional echocardiographic assessment of the extent of the atrial septum relative to the atrioventricular junction in atrioventricular septal defect

A study of brain lipids in patients with the sphingomyelinase-deficient types of Niemann-Pick disease demonstrated that abnormal accumulation of sphingomyelin occurs only in the brain of neuronopathic type A patients but not in the non-neuronopathic type B. Additional lipid abnormalities were present in the type A brain. In contrast, the brain lipid profile was normal in type B patients. Since lysosphingolipids have been implicated in the biochemical pathogenesis of other genetic lysosomal sphingolipidoses, the occurrence of sphingosylphosphorylcholine (lysosphingomyelin) was specifically investigated in brain and extraneural tissues, using an HPLC method with fluorescent detection of orthophtalaldehyde derivatives. Levels close to or below the limit of detection (10 pmol/mg tissue protein) were observed in normal and pathological controls. A striking accumulation was observed in brain of two Niemann-Pick type A patients (830 and 430 pmol/mg protein in 27-and 16-month-old children with severe and milder neurological course, respectively), which was not present at the fetal stage of the disease. No significant increase was found in brain tissue from a 3.5 year-old type B patient. In liver and spleen, abnormally high sphingosylphosphorylcholine levels were observed in both types of the disease, with indication of a progressive increase during development. This study establishes the integrity of brain tissue in Niemann-Pick disease type B and suggests that the lysocompound sphingosylphosphorylcholine could play a role in the pathophysiology of brain dysfunction in the neuronopathic type A.     

Electrospun three‐dimensional silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold

Practical application to three‐dimensional (3‐D) tissue culture has been limited by the structural restriction of two‐dimensional (2‐D) nature of electrospun nanofiber mat. In this study, for constructing 3‐D nanofibrous structure as real 3‐D tissue engineering scaffold, we developed new fabrication process with silk fibroin (SF) by electrospinning and evaluated the features of this SF nanofiber scaffold (SFNS) through morphological and cell‐culture analyses. Foam type of the SFNS exhibited high porosity as well as large pores and its cell proliferation well occurred inside (inner spaces of pores), which makes this suitable for 3‐D cell‐culture scaffold. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Assessment of world aerosol research trends by bibliometric analysis

This study was to explore a bibliometric approach to quantitatively assessing current research trends on atmospheric aerosol, using the related literature in the Science Citation Index (SCI) database from 1991 to 2006. Articles were concentrated on the analysis by scientific output, research performances by individuals, institutes and countries, and trends by the frequency of keywords used. Over the years, there had been a notably growth trend in research outputs, along with more participation and collaboration of institutes and countries. Research collaborative papers shifted from national inter-institutional to international collaboration. The decreasing share of world total and independent articles by the seven major industrialized countries (G7) was examined. Aerosol research in environmental and chemical related fields other than in medical fields was the mainstream of current years. Finally, author keywords, words in title and keywords plus were analyzed contrastively, with research trends and recent hotspots provided.     

Characterization of electrosynthesized iron diselenide thin films

Iron diselenide (FeSe₂) is an interesting p-type semiconductor with a band gap of 1 eV suitable for solar cell applications. Deposition of FeSe₂ thin films by electrodeposition from aqueous solutions is a low temperature and inexpensive technique. In the present work, FeSe₂ thin films were deposited onto tin oxide coated conducting glass substrates by cathodic electrodeposition technique. The deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Scanning electron microscope and optical absorption techniques. The effects of electrolyte concentration and deposition potential on the structural, compositional, morphological and optical properties of FeSe₂ thin films are studied. The experimental observations are discussed in detail.