国外电网侧储能电站参与调频辅助服务市场的机制经验及对我国的启示

储能是高比例可再生能源电力系统稳定安全运行的重要支撑技术之一,中国调频辅助服务市场规则设计应考虑储能参与.本文概述了电网侧储能技术的调频现状,并介绍了储能为电网提供调频辅助服务具备响应时间快、调度性能好的优势,并以美国、澳大利亚和英国的调频辅助服务市场为案例,介绍了储能调频的现状,分析了国外典型调频辅助服务市场设定的适用于电网侧储能电站的规则,包括电网侧储能电站作为市场主体参与调频辅助服务市场的市场准入门槛、参与方式和价格机制;比较了不同电力市场对于电网侧储能参与调频辅助服务市场的设计的差异及其对储能参与调频辅助服务市场的影响.调研了我国电力市场建设现状,通过对比分析了我国储能参与调频辅助服务市场存在大多数地区储能的市场主体地位不明确,大部分允许储能参与的市场容量准入限制为世界典型国家限制的2倍或以上,部分地区调频收益下限过低难以反映储能调频的容量价值等不足.参考国外经验,在合适的机制设计下,我国储能调频容量需求可超过6 GW,调频辅助服务市场设计应明确赋予储能市场主体地位,随市场建设和技术发展适时降低准入门槛使分布式小容量储能参与提供调频服务,价格机制设计两部制价值以反映储能调频的容量价值并保障储能调频最低收益.     

带式输送机回程空段双向清扫器研究与设计

针对北方某燃煤发电厂输煤系统带式输送机工作表面粘煤和结冰问题,设计了一种带式输送机回程双向空段清扫器.该双向清扫器由刮扫部分和双向转换部分组成.刮扫部分的多个刮刀单元在刮刀安装板上错落排布,形成一个垂直于输送胶带运行方向的完整刮扫面;为降低相邻刮刀之间的物料漏扫率,其横向装配尺寸小于刮刀片宽度.清扫器双向转换部分由四连杆机构实现,通过设定驱动电机转动合适的角度,可以保证清扫器刮扫单元移动到目标位置,从而实现正反向清扫状态的转换.本装置结构精简、加工方便、易于安装,很好地保证胶带输送机的正常运行.     

国Ⅵ车用汽油质量现状分析

国Ⅵ车用汽油标准的实施对保护环境、降低污染物的排放具有重要意义.本文介绍了国Ⅵ车用汽油标准实施后我国车用汽油的质量状况,分析了辛烷值、馏程、蒸气压、硫含量、烯烃含量、芳烃含量和苯含量等重点指标的分布情况,结果表明,国Ⅵ车用汽油的质量较好,并对车用汽油的发展方向提出了相关建议.     

覆膜滤料用聚四氟乙烯微孔膜的制备及其性能研究

针对市场上常用4种SSG范围的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,简称PTFE)树脂原料,采用双向拉伸法制备PTFE微孔膜,分析微孔膜性能的差异,并确定最适用于覆膜滤料用PTFE树脂原料.分析了不同分子量PTFE树脂原料的相对标准密度(SSG)、粒径、挤出压力和含水率等参数,采用不同分子量树脂原料来制备PTFE微孔膜,并表征PTFE微孔膜力学、厚度、结晶度、孔径、孔隙率和透气性能.研究表明:SSG的大小会影响PTFE微孔膜的力学性能(最大力、断裂伸长率)和孔结构(孔径、孔隙率),随SSG的增大呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在2.170～2.189范围内达到最优;结晶度与SSG的大小成正相关,而微孔膜透气性能主要与其孔结构有关,与孔径和孔隙率的变化趋势具有一致性.得出结论:PTFE树脂原料SSG分布在2.170～2.189范围时,制备的PTFE微孔膜最适用于覆膜滤料领域.     

高压输电线路避雷器安装与更换带电作业自动化技术研究

提出了针对高压输电线路避雷器安装与更换带电作业的自动化技术及其自动化工具.该技术通过两个协同作业的操作手爪完成避雷器的安装和更换.对该自动化工具进行静力学仿真,讨论了其绝缘措施.     

直驱风电场对网对网送出电力系统机电振荡的影响

直驱风电场会从改变潮流状态、与系统发生强动态相互作用两方面对电力系统机电振荡模式产生影响.基于上述两方面,探究了直驱风电场对网对网送出电力系统机电振荡模式阻尼的影响.研究表明,位于送端或受端的直驱风电场替代火电厂可通过降低火电厂出力提高系统机电振荡模式阻尼.然而,当直驱风机取特定控制参数,导致直驱风电场与系统发生强动态相互作用时,直驱风电场会对系统机电振荡模式阻尼产生负面影响.     

HZSM-5固载离子液体催化合成烷基糖苷及其动力学

以自制苯并噻唑离子液体([HBth]HSO4)为活性组分,HZSM-5分子筛为载体,通过过量溶剂浸渍法制备了固载型苯并噻唑离子液体催化剂([HBth]HSO4/HZSM-5),并用于催化合成烷基糖苷.通过FTIR、原位红外光谱、TG、N2物理吸附-脱附、FESEM-EDS和XRD对催化剂结构进行了表征.结果表明,[HBth]HSO4被成功地引入到HZSM-5的表面及孔道内.当催化剂用量为1.5％(以葡萄糖与辛醇的总质量为基准,下同)、反应温度为105℃、n(正辛醇):n(无水葡萄糖)=6:1时,辛基糖苷得率达148.86％.底物拓展及催化剂稳定性结果表明,[HBth]HSO4/HZSM-5对烷基糖苷及其衍生物都具有良好的催化效果,且催化剂能稳定循环使用4次.活性组分流失是催化剂失活的主要原因.通过对烷基糖苷催化合成机理和动力学的研究,确定了动力学方程.     

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides against Multidrug-Resistant Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli

Post-weaning diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common disease of piglets and causes great economic loss for the swine industry. Over the past few decades, decreasing effectiveness of conventional antibiotics has caused serious problems because of the growing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Various studies have indicated that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have potential to serve as an alternative to antibiotics owing to rapid killing action and highly selective toxicity. Our previous studies have shown that AMP GW-Q4 and its derivatives possess effective antibacterial activities against the Gram-negative bacteria. Hence, in the current study, we evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of GW-Q4 and its derivatives against MDR ETEC and their minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values were determined to be around 2~32 μg/mL. Among them, AMP Q4-15a-1 with the second lowest MIC (4 μg/mL) and the highest minimal hemolysis concentration (MHC, 256 μg/mL), thus showing the greatest selectivity (MHC/MIC = 64) was selected for further investigations. Moreover, Q4-15a-1 showed dose-dependent bactericidal activity against MDR ETEC in time–kill curve assays. According to the cellular localization and membrane integrity analyses using confocal microscopy, Q4-15a-1 can rapidly interact with the bacterial surface, disrupt the membrane and enter cytosol in less than 30 min. Minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of Q4-15a-1 is 4× MIC (16 μg/mL), indicating that Q4-15a-1 is effective against MDR ETEC biofilm. Besides, we established an MDR ETEC infection model with intestinal porcine epithelial cell-1 (IPEC-1). In this infection model, 32 μg/mL Q4-15a-1 can completely inhibit ETEC adhesion onto IPEC-1. Overall, these results suggested that Q4-15a-1 may be a promising antibacterial candidate for treatment of weaned piglets infected by MDR ETEC.     

Role of TRPA1 in Tissue Damage and Kidney Disease

TRPA1, a nonselective cation channel, is expressed in sensory afferent that innervates peripheral targets. Neuronal TRPA1 can promote tissue repair, remove harmful stimuli and induce protective responses via the release of neuropeptides after the activation of the channel by chemical, exogenous, or endogenous irritants in the injured tissue. However, chronic inflammation after repeated noxious stimuli may result in the development of several diseases. In addition to sensory neurons, TRPA1, activated by inflammatory agents from some non-neuronal cells in the injured area or disease, might promote or protect disease progression. Therefore, TRPA1 works as a molecular sentinel of tissue damage or as an inflammation gatekeeper. Most kidney damage cases are associated with inflammation. In this review, we summarised the role of TRPA1 in neurogenic or non-neurogenic inflammation and in kidney disease, especially the non-neuronal TRPA1. In in vivo animal studies, TRPA1 prevented sepsis-induced or Ang-II-induced and ischemia-reperfusion renal injury by maintaining mitochondrial haemostasis or via the downregulation of macrophage-mediated inflammation, respectively. Renal tubular epithelial TRPA1 acts as an oxidative stress sensor to mediate hypoxia–reoxygenation injury in vitro and ischaemia–reperfusion-induced kidney injury in vivo through MAPKs/NF-kB signalling. Acute kidney injury (AKI) patients with high renal tubular TRPA1 expression had low complete renal function recovery. In renal disease, TPRA1 plays different roles in different cell types accordingly. These findings depict the important role of TRPA1 and warrant further investigation.     

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate-Loaded Liposomes Favor Anti-Inflammation of Microglia Cells and Promote Neuroprotection

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is recognized to mainly contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), known as a natural antioxidant in green tea, can inhibit microglia-mediated inflammation and protect neurons but has disadvantages such as high instability and low bioavailability. We developed an EGCG liposomal formulation to improve its bioavailability and evaluated the neuroprotective activity in in vitro and in vivo neuroinflammation models. EGCG-loaded liposomes have been prepared from phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS) coated with or without vitamin E (VE) by hydration and membrane extrusion method. The anti-inflammatory effect has been evaluated against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells activation and the inflammation in the substantia nigra of Sprague Dawley rats. In the cellular inflammation model, murine BV-2 microglial cells changed their morphology from normal spheroid to activated spindle shape after 24 h of induction of LPS. In the in vitro free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, EGCG scavenged 80% of DPPH within 3 min. EGCG-loaded liposomes could be phagocytized by BV-2 cells after 1 h of cell culture from cell uptake experiments. EGCG-loaded liposomes improved the production of BV-2 microglia-derived nitric oxide and TNF-α following LPS. In the in vivo Parkinsonian syndrome rat model, simultaneous intra-nigral injection of EGCG-loaded liposomes attenuated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored motor impairment. We demonstrated that EGCG-loaded liposomes exert a neuroprotective effect by modulating microglia activation. EGCG extracted from green tea and loaded liposomes could be a valuable candidate for disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD).