Dynamic crack propagation with cohesive elements: a methodology to address mesh dependency

In this paper, two brittle fracture problems are numerically simulated: the failure of a ceramic ring under centrifugal loading and crack branching in a PMMA strip. A three‐dimensional finite element package in which cohesive elements are dynamically inserted has been developed. The cohesive elements' strength is chosen to follow a modified weakest link Weibull distribution. The probability of introducing a weak cohesive element is set to increase with the cohesive element size. This reflects the physically based effect according to which larger elements are more likely to contain defects. The calculations illustrate how the area dependence of the Weibull model can be used to effectively address mesh dependency. On the other hand, regular Weibull distributions have failed to reduce mesh dependency for the examples shown in this paper. The ceramic ring calculations revealed that two distinct phenomena appear depending on the magnitude of the Weibull modulus. For low Weibull modulus, the fragmentation of the ring is dominated by heterogeneities. Whereas many cracks were generated, few of them could propagate to the outer surface. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that for highly heterogeneous rings, the number of small fragments was large and that few large fragments were generated. For high Weibull modulus, signifying that the ring is close to being homogeneous, the fragmentation process was very different. Monte Carlo simulations highlighted that a larger number of large fragments are generated due to crack branching. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

美军密码装备建设新进展

本文介绍了近期美军密码装备和系统的建设概况,试探了其发展趁势。     

电容传感器在使用中存在的几个问题及处理方法

随着电容测量技术的迅速发展，电容传感器在非电量测量和自动检测中得到广泛应用，但它在使用过程中也存在一些问题，针对在使用电容传感器过程中存在的几个问题，从电容传感器的原理和工作过程两个方面进行了讨论，并提出行之有效的处理方法。     

An experimental study of an optical burst switching network based on wavelength-selective optical switches

In this article we report the system structure and test results of an experimental optical burst switching network with three edge router's and one core node. Wavelength-selective switches developed for this system and their characteristics are depicted. The implementation and performance of our new scheme for the just-in-time protocol are described. We also report experimental results of FTP and VOD services on this system. Some parameters, including traffic rate, average burst data length, and assembly time, are studied.     

Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Three Components Including Deoxyschizandrin by Partial Least Squares Regression

1IntroductionWuweizi is a traditional Chinese herb,usually usedto cure cough,asthma,neurasthenic,hepatitisetc.Theactive ingredients in wuweizi are5%-22%lignan,themain components of which include deoxyschizandrin,schizandrin andγ-Schizandrin.Forthe purpos…     

Host/guest complex of Me-β-CD/2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone for initiation of aqueous photopolymerization: Kinetics and mechanism

Methylated-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD) was used to complex the photoinitiator, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone (DMPA), yielding a water-soluble host/guest complex. The comparative studies demonstrated that the Me-β-CD complexed DMPA exhibited a high photoreactivity identical to the uncomplexed DMPA, while the CD complex obviously influenced the products of primary photolysis of DMPA and the photopolymerization kinetics due to the steric effect of CD on the subsequent initiation reactions. The photopolymerization rate of acrylamide can be described by the equation: R_p=K[2a]^0.62[M]^1.37[I]^0.5[Me-β-CD]⁰. The mechanism of polymerization was also discussed.     

成型鼓的软极限保护

通过修改工艺配方,自动完成对成型鼓鼓肩位置极限的设定,并且该软极限的大小根据工艺参数的不同可以自动调整,最终达到了对成型鼓的保护,实际使用效果好.     

煤焦油市场现状及后期趋势

一、煤焦油市场现状 原油期货价格于7月4日创历史新高，盘中达146．69美元／桶，加之全国煤炭市场价格暴涨300元／吨，以及绿色奥运的来临，在多重内外因素的叠加效应下，煤焦油市场价格出现了一波大幅上涨行情，同时也创下煤焦油价格的历史新高。全国煤焦油市场状况、地域性特征十分明显，按地理划分为四类市场。     

Stress analysis of spontaneous Sn whisker growth

Spontaneous Sn whisker growth is a surface relief phenomenon of creep, driven by a compressive stress gradient. No externally applied stress is required for the growth, and the compressive stress is generated within, from the chemical reaction between Sn and Cu to form the intermetallic compound Cu₆Sn₅ at room temperature. To obtain the compressive stress gradient, a break of the protective oxide on the Sn surface is required because the free surface of the break is stress-free. Thus, spontaneous Sn whisker growth is unique that stress relaxation accompanies stress generation. One of the whisker challenging issues in understanding and in finding effective methods to prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth is to develop accelerated tests of whisker growth. Use of electromigration on short Sn stripes can facilitate this. The stress distribution around the vicinity and the root of a whisker can be obtained by using the micro-beam X-ray diffraction utilizing synchrotron radiation. A discussion of how to prevent spontaneous Sn whisker growth by blocking both stress generation and stress relaxation is given.