Approximate bottom contribution to remote sensing reflectance in Taihu Lake, China

Remote sensing is a fundamental tool for the analysis of spatial and temporal trends in lake ecosystems. A major challenge in using these approaches is determining the possible influence of reflectance from submerged vegetation or the lake bottom. In the present study, we examine the water leaving radiance measured in a large number of sites in Taihu Lake, a large shallow lake in southeast China. Due to the high concentrations of suspended sediment and phytoplankton biomass, a majority of the lake can be considered optically deep (i.e. bottom reflectance could be ignored). However, optically shallow waters were present in the shallow bays on the eastern side of the lake. In these areas, submerged vegetation was present. To explore the contribution of the lake bottom and submerged vegetation on remotely sensed reflectance, we compared two modeling approaches (Hydrolight and the LEE). The results show that differences in optical and physical characteristics of the lake bottom strongly influence the spectral characteristics of the measured reflectance. The resulting impact on the estimate of chlorophyll-a concentrations was tested using datasets with and without sites where bottom effects may occur. A significant improvement in the predictive capacity of the reflectance based estimated of phytoplankton biomass was made when areas with bottom influences were removed from the calibration procedure.     

天花板水电站水土保持措施设计

在分析天花板水电站概况、项目区环境概况以及工程区水土流失与水土保持现状的基础上,确定了该工程水土流失防治标准及目标,并结合天花板水电站工程特点、区域水土保持防治要求,合理划分水土流失防治分区,提出水土保持防治措施布局及方案.     

大断面导流洞进出口开挖支护设计与施工

随着水电开发建设的加速,在水电工程中出现的大断面导流洞越来越多.在这些大断面导流洞的施工过程中,特别是导流洞的进口渐变段和出口段,容易出现安全问题甚至塌方事故.对目前国内部分已完工或正在施工的大断面导流洞进出口的开挖支护设计与施工方案进行了总结,并以在不同地质条件下的典型案例加以说明,可供类似工程参考和借鉴.     

金安桥大坝碾压混凝土快速施工关键技术

金安桥水电站大坝工程规模大、工期紧、技术复杂、施工强度高。针对其玄武岩骨料碾压混凝土可碾性差、坝体布置复杂以及立体气候条件明显等诸多不利于碾压混凝土施工的难题,通过配合比设计、入仓方案、仓面分区、层间结合、温控防裂等关键技术的优化和技术创新,保证了碾压混凝土快速施工和度汛等重大节点工期目标的按期实现。     

三道湾水电站钢岔管和衬砌结构应力分析

三道湾水电站位于甘肃省讨赖河上,水电站压力管道为地下埋管,设计水头达372.72 m.根据该工程的实际,建立了岔管及其围岩的三维有限元模型.采用钢岔管和围岩联合承载的设计原则,计算分析了在设计内水压力作用下,不同钢岔管管壁厚度和衬砌结构对应的钢岔管及外包混凝土的应力状态,选择了合理的钢岔管管壁厚度;最后复核各种工况下钢岔管的应力状态,证明钢岔管和衬砌推荐方案满足规范要求,成果可供设计和施工参考.     

核电厂用水合理性分析及体会

岭澳核电站三期扩建工程属滨海核电工程。滨海地区一般水资源相对紧缺,而且我国尚未制定核电行业的用水定额标准,因此,如何合理地评价核电工程的设计用水水平是核电水资源论证的重点和难点。根据核电施工期较长的特点及项目工期安排,分施工期、调试期、正常运行期及可能组合,论证了项目用水的合理性,并对已建成的核电站的历史用水量进行了调查研究,分析了项目的节水潜力,提出了合理的取用水量,可为核电厂水资源论证提供参考。     

宁东能源化工基地水土保持生态环境动态监测分析

通过采用卫星遥感、地面定点和野外查等监测技术手段,对宁东基地开发建设前（2000年）和开发建设初期（2007年）两个时段土地利用、植被盖度、土壤侵蚀、水土保持措施等水土保持生态环境影响因子分别进行监测。综合分析结果表明,宁东基地自2000年以来土地利用结构改善,植被覆盖呈好转趋势,虽然局部水土流失加重,但整体土壤侵蚀强度降低,整体生态环境处于好转状态。     

建设生态库区 实现重庆经济社会可持续发展

1.保护生态,促进人水和谐共处 重庆按照＂预防为主、保护优先、综合治理＂的思路,围绕建设＂宜居重庆＂＂森林重庆＂＂健康重庆＂,大力实施库区生态保护、水环境治理工程,极大改善了库区环境条件,使库区的水体变得更加清澈、天空变得更加明净、     

曝气强度对膜生物流化床运行特性的影响

将膜分离技术与生物流化床工艺有机结合,采用结合后的膜生物流化床(Membrane-Fluidized Bed Bioreactor,MFBB)处理城市污水。试验以气水比作为曝气强度指标,考察了在气水比为15∶1、25∶1和45∶1的情况下MFBB的运行特性及曝气强度对其运行特性的影响。试验结果表明,系统的曝气强度并非越高越好,而是存在一个最佳值,本试验条件下的最佳气水比为25∶1,此时CODCr、NH3—N、TN去除率分别可达96.91%、98.02%和60.12%。稳定阶段的脱氢酶活性平均值达23.8μgTF/(mgMLSS.h)。     

How commercial involvement affects open source projects: three case studies on issue reporting

Whereas most research on Internetware has focused on new technologies for keeping track of a changing Internet,little attention has been paid to the software development process.A large portion of the software running the Internet is open source software.Open source software is developed both by volunteers and commercial companies,often jointly.Companies get involved in open source projects for commercial reasons,and bring with them a commercial software development process.Thus,it is important to understand how commercial involvement affects the software development process of open source projects.This article presents case studies of three open source application servers that are being developed jointly by a volunteer community and one primary software company.We are interested in better understanding developer behavior,specifically task distribution and performance,based on whether the developer is an external contributor,e.g.,a volunteer working in their spare time,or a commercial developer from inside the primary backing company who is being paid for their time.To achieve this,we look at issue reporting as an example of commercial involvement in open source projects.In particular,we investigate the distribution of tasks among volunteers and commercial developers by studying the source of reported issues and quantify the task performance on user experience via the issue resolution speed.We construct measures based on historical records in issue tracking repositories.Our results show that,with intensified commercial involvement,the majority of issue reporting tasks would be undertaken by commercial developers,and issue resolution time would be reduced,implying a better user experience.We hope our methods and results provide practical insights for designing an efficient hybrid development process in the Internetware environment.