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61.
This paper presents a model of labor participation calibrated on a weekly basis; part-time and full-time employments are also
considered. By applying the theory of random utility maximization we model households’ choices. In order to have a good temporal
and spatial coverage the model is calibrated on three datasets, extracted from both national and regional travel surveys.
The results are applied to synthetic households that reproduce the Belgian population. The proposed innovative methodology
simulates synthetic agents by accounting both for households’ and individuals’ characteristics, while not suffering from the
problem of the “zero cell value”. The results indicate that there is major day-to-day variability in working activity participation;
in particular, on Wednesdays and Fridays the number of households working part-time or not working is particularly high. This
is consistent with what was expected by the analysts. Working participation is a fundamental component in activity based models
where work is considered a skeletal activity. The tools developed here can be useful to study how changes in population characteristics
(i.e. increases of flexible working arrangements and of the number of women in the work force) affect activity participation
and travel patterns. 相似文献
62.
M. Jiménez-Melendo J. P. Riviére T. Suzuki H. Koizumi J. Castaing A. Domínguez-Rodríguez 《Journal of Materials Science》1992,27(13):3589-3593
NiO single crystals prepared by two crystal growth techniques (zone melting in an arc-image furnace and Verneuil crystallization have been deformed by compression along 001 at temperatures as low as 4.2 K, and the dislocation substructure observed by transmission electron microscopy. The Peierls mechanism has been suggested as the mechanism controlling the mechanical behaviour at the lower temperatures. The dislocations generated at cavities found in the zone-melted crystals may be responsible for the increase of the flow stress of these crystals compared with the Verneuil ones. 相似文献
63.
A new crystalline structure of poly 4-methylpentene-1 (P4MP1), modiification named modification V, is obtained from cyclopentane solutions and gels, for polymer volume fractions between 0.01 and 0.10. The effect of the thermal history imparted to the solution is analyzed. The relation between gelation, polymorphism and existence of helical conformations of P4MP1 in solution is discussed. Modification V is tentatively indexed on the basis of an hexagonal unit cell with dimensions a = 22.17 ± 0.14 Å and c = 6.69 ±0.02 Å. The crystal transforms into modification I at 130 ± 5°C, the heat of transition being + 15 ±2 J.g?1. 相似文献
64.
del del Valle M. A. Ugalde L. Díaz F. R. Bodini M. E. Bernède J. C. Chaillou A. 《Polymer Bulletin》2003,51(1):55-62
Summary The influence of electrolyte and monomer concentration on
properties and morphology of electrochemically obtained
polyselenophene films doped and undoped with hexafluorophosphate
and tetrafluoroborate anions was analyzed. The films were
deposited on SnO2-coated glass in a
classical three-electrode cell from the monomer and the
electrolyte in anhydrous acetonitrile.The electrochemical growth of polyselenophene thin films
was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron
probe microanalysis (EPMA), and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The morphology study revealed different three-
dimensional (3D) and bidimensional (2D) growth, depending on
monomer and electrolyte concentration. 相似文献
65.
Zinc Coated Steel/Epoxy Adhesive Systems: Investigation of the Interfacial Zone by FTIR Spectroscopy
The present study takes advantage of the ability of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for the analysis of ultrathin organic films on metals. FTIR in the reflection mode (IRRAS) is used in order to study the interaction of ultrathin films of dicyandiamide (hardener of most one-pack epoxy resins) with various substrates, model ones such as gold or zinc and industrial ones such as steel and zinc-coated steels.
Pure zinc surfaces and, to a lesser extent, zinc-coated steels are shown to react with dicyandiamide after heating at 180°C, as evidenced by the frequency shift of the absorption band (at about 2200 cm-1) characteristic for nitrile groups. As real systems consist of thick layers of a fully formulated adhesive cured onto a metallic substrate, the direct investigation of such a buried interphase is no longer possible by FTIR and by most of the known spectroscopies. Some mechanically tested specimens are then analysed, after failure, by FTIR microspectrometry. The spectra obtained, corresponding to the fracture initiation zone which is about 100 μm in diameter, advocate for the presence of an ultrathin layer of modified polymer still covering the substrate. 相似文献
Pure zinc surfaces and, to a lesser extent, zinc-coated steels are shown to react with dicyandiamide after heating at 180°C, as evidenced by the frequency shift of the absorption band (at about 2200 cm-1) characteristic for nitrile groups. As real systems consist of thick layers of a fully formulated adhesive cured onto a metallic substrate, the direct investigation of such a buried interphase is no longer possible by FTIR and by most of the known spectroscopies. Some mechanically tested specimens are then analysed, after failure, by FTIR microspectrometry. The spectra obtained, corresponding to the fracture initiation zone which is about 100 μm in diameter, advocate for the presence of an ultrathin layer of modified polymer still covering the substrate. 相似文献
66.
Polyethylene-layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ intercalative polymerization of ethylene by the so-called polymerization-filling technique and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing. Non-modified montmorillonite and hectorite were first treated by trimethylaluminum-depleted methylaluminoxane before being contacted by a Ti-based constrained geometry catalyst. The nanocomposite was formed by addition and polymerization of ethylene. In the absence of a chain transfer agent, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene was produced. The tensile properties of these nanocomposites were poor and essentially independent of the nature and content of the silicate. Upon hydrogen addition, the molecular weight of the polyethylene was decreased with parallel improvement of the tensile and shear moduli, in relation to the filler content. The exfoliation of the layered silicates was confirmed by XRD analysis and TEM observation. The mechanical kneading of the molten nanocomposites resulted in the partial collapse of the exfoliated structure driven by the thermodynamic stability of the layered filler. 相似文献
67.
Influence of compaction on the interfacial transition zone and the permeability of concrete 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Andreas Leemann Beat Münch Philippe Gasser Lorenz Holzer 《Cement and Concrete Research》2006,36(8):1425-1433
The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is regarded as a key feature for the transport properties and the durability of concrete. In this study one self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixture and two conventionally vibrated concrete (CVC) mixtures are studied in order to determine the influence of compaction on the porosity of the ITZ. Additionally oxygen permeability and water conductivity were measured in vertical and horizontal direction. The quantitative analysis of images made with an optical microscope and an environmental scanning electron microscope shows a significantly increased porosity and width of the ITZ in CVC compared to SCC. At the same time oxygen permeability and water conductivity of CVC are increased in comparison to SCC. Moreover, considerable differences in the porosity of the lower, lateral and upper ITZ are observed in both types of concrete. The anisotropic distribution of pores in the ITZ does not necessarily cause anisotropy in oxygen permeability and water conductivity though. 相似文献
68.
Many paramedics' work accidents are related to physical aspects of the job, and the most affected body part is the low back. This study documents the trunk motion exposure of paramedics on the job. Nine paramedics were observed over 12 shifts (120 h). Trunk postures were recorded with the computer-assisted CUELA measurement system worn on the back like a knapsack. Average duration of an emergency call was 23.5 min. Sagittal trunk flexion of >40° and twisting rotation of >24° were observed in 21% and 17% of time-sampled postures. Medical care on the scene (44% of total time) involved prolonged flexed and twisted postures (∼10 s). The highest extreme sagittal trunk flexion (63°) and twisting rotation (40°) were observed during lifting activities, which lasted 2% of the total time. Paramedics adopted trunk motions that may significantly increase the risk of low back disorders during medical care and patient-handling activities. 相似文献
69.
Stability of ruthenium catalysts supported on TiO2 or ZrO2 in catalytic wet air oxidation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The stability of ruthenium catalysts supported on TiO2 and ZrO2 were studied in the wet air oxidation of aqueous solution of succinic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids taken as model effluent and on real effluents from the paper-pulp industry. Catalyst recycling experiments were conducted in batch reactor and long-term stability tests were conducted in trickle-bed reactor. In all experiments, ruthenium and support materials were perfectly stable to leaching, sintering and fouling. Ruthenium catalysts experienced a weak deactivation as they were exposed to air, e.g., in recycling experiments however the loss of activity occurred only after the first exposure and was completely reversible upon catalyst reduction. The deactivation was attributed to an over-oxidation of the catalyst surface particularly noticeable in the case of very small Ru-clusters (1 nm). 相似文献
70.
Tristan Allard Benjamin Nguyen Philippe Pucheral 《Distributed and Parallel Databases》2014,32(2):191-244
The goal of Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing (PPDP) is to generate a sanitized (i.e. harmless) view of sensitive personal data (e.g. a health survey), to be released to some agencies or simply the public. However, traditional PPDP practices all make the assumption that the process is run on a trusted central server. In this article, we argue that the trust assumption on the central server is far too strong. We propose Met ??P, a generic fully distributed protocol, to execute various forms of PPDP algorithms on an asymmetric architecture composed of low power secure devices and a powerful but untrusted infrastructure. We show that this protocol is both correct and secure against honest-but-curious or malicious adversaries. Finally, we provide an experimental validation showing that this protocol can support PPDP processes scaling up to nation-wide surveys. 相似文献