Characterization of the absorption of histidine and lead by Juglan regia L., Platanus L., and Pinus nigra L. using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry were used for the determination of histidine and lead in Juglan regia L., Platanus L., and Pinus nigra L. leaves from industrial areas including Gaziantep City and Bursa City, Turkey. Distilled water was used for the extraction of histidine from plant material at 90°C for 30 min. The flow rate of the mobile phase, fragmentation potential, injection volume, and column temperature were optimized to be 0.2 mL min^?1, 70 V, 15 µL, and 20°C for the determination of histidine. The concentrations of histidine were from 7–9 mg kg^?1 for Juglan regia L., 2–5 mg kg^?1 for Platanus L., and 1–7 mg kg^?1 for Pinus nigra L. The concentrations of Pb were from 1–42 mg kg^?1 for Juglan regia L., 1–4 mg kg^?1 for Platanus L., and 1–62 mg kg^?1 for Pinus nigra L.     

Recovery of Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons From Petroleum Basic Plastic Wastes

A solid waste management system based on the 3R principle: reduce, reuse, and recycle. There are two major recycling methods for conversion of plastic wastes to synthetic fuels: (a) pyrolysis in absence and presence of catalyst and (b) thermal and/or catalytic cracking. Pyrolysis is a complex series of chemical and thermal reactions to decompose or depolymerize organic material under oxygen-free conditions. The most affecting variables of plastic pyrolysis are catalyst type and shape, temperature, and residence time. Certain types of waste plastics such as polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) are generally used in pyrolysis. The plastic wastes can be pyrolyzed into liquid, gas, and solid residue products. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes produces a whole spectrum of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes, and aromatics. The total yields of paraffins and olefins of PE and PP wastes obtained by pyrolysis were higher than that of PS. The oil obtained from plastic pyrolysis could improve performance by modifying engine. The addition of catalyst in the pyrolysis can be a more efficient method to produce high valuable products with mainly gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The catalytic decomposition was produced much more light hydrocarbons than that of thermal decomposition. Especially, ZSM-5 with a smaller pore size, rather than that of zeolite Y was more cracked into light hydrocarbons such as C₆-C₁₂ hydrocarbons and gas products.     

Recovery of Gasoline and Diesel Range Hydrocarbons From Waste Vegetable Oils

In general, vegetable oils are triglycerides, which consist of 18-carbon fatty acids. There is no boiling point of vegetable oils, because oils start to decompose when heated to a certain temperature after removing smoke. The smoke point is the temperature at which the oil is decomposed and where possibly toxicological relevant compounds are formed. There is a very small amount of hydrocarbons in the content of vegetable oils. Thermal cracking of triglycerides has been carried out for over 100 years, with a recent focus on converting fats and oils to liquid fuels. Catalytic pyrolysis and cracking processing have the potential to become an important process for conversion of vegetable oils into gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbons. Decarboxylation and deoxygenation mainly occur during pyrolysis and cracking reactions.     

UTILIZATION OF OPIUM POPPY WASTES AS A FUEL SOURCE

Abstract

Air dried and ground opium poppy stalks suspended in water containing sodium carbonate catalysts have been completely converted into liquid fuels and water-solubles chemicals at 573 °K in a 0.1 liter autoclave. Extractives and oil properties obtained from stalks and poppy seed were studied. Major compenents of the oil were linoleic acid (60.2 %) and oleic acid (22.3 %). Alcohol-benzene extractives of the stalks were 28.8 % while ether solubility was 7.5 %.     

Effects of blended vegetable‐based cutting fluids with extreme pressure on tool wear and force components in turning of Al 7075‐T6

In this study, performances of four different types of vegetable‐based cutting fluids (VBCFs) over a commercial mineral cutting fluid were evaluated for machinability of Al 7075‐T6. Lubrication properties of VBCFs were improved with additive of extreme pressure. Cutting force and tool wear data were obtained for performance analyses of cutting fluids during longitudinal turning of Al 7075‐T6. Cutting, feed and radial forces indicated 1.70–38.25% improvements for VBCFs over the commercial mineral cutting fluid. The lowest average values of flank and nose wears obtained with blended cutting fluid containing 12% of extreme pressure were 0.09 and 0.10 mm, respectively, whereas these values for the commercial mineral cutting fluid were 0.18 and 0.15 mm. The scanning electron microscope results showed adherence of workpiece material occurred on rake and flank faces, and flank and nose wears were the dominant wear modes. It was found that performances of VBCFs during turning of Al 7075‐T6 were better than that of the commercial mineral cutting fluid. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of needle punched nonwoven fabric produced from conductive silver coated staple polyamide fibre

In this paper, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of needle-punched nonwoven fabric produced from silver-coated staple polyamide fibre having a fineness of 1.7 dtex was investigated. This production was carried out at Automatex needle punching line, which consists of carding, cross lapper and needle punching machine. After production, the surface resistivity measurements of needle-punched nonwoven fabric was carried out in accordance with ASTM D 257-07 standard. The EMSE of the as-produced needle-punched nonwoven fabric was determined using a network analyzer as specified in ASTM D4935-10 in the frequency range of 15–3000 MHz. Electromagnetic shielding test shows that needle-punched nonwoven fabric produced from 1.7-dtex silver-coated polyamide fibre has the highest shielding value of 36.53 dB in the frequency range of 15–3000 MHz. The EMSE of needle-punched nonwoven fabric with fibre fineness of 1.7 dtex increased from 11.00 dB maximum to 36.53 dB in the 15–3000 MHz frequency range. It was seen that as the frequency increases, reflection values of the needle-punched nonwoven fabric decrease at floating mode, while absorption values of the nonwoven fabric increase at floating mode in the frequency range of 15–3000 MHz. EMSE results of the needle-punched nonwoven fabric produced from 1.7-dtex silver-coated staple polyamide fibres were compared to carbon fabric and needle-punched nonwoven fabric made from stainless steel fibres.     

Nonlinear stress analysis in adhesively bonded single-lap joint

In this investigation, an analytical elastic–plastic solution was proposed for a single-lap joint. A ductile adhesive joint material was used as the bond material. FM-73 was utilized in the study. The influence of the bending moment was neglected in the solution. The solution was modified for shear stresses. The analytical solution was compared with the FEM solution. An ANSYS 10.0 solution was employed in the numerical solution. Both solutions were compared with each other. These two solutions produced close agreements.     

Treatment of rinse water from zinc phosphate coating by batch and continuous electrocoagulation processes

Treatment of spent final rinse water of zinc phosphating from an automotive assembly plant was investigated in an electrochemical cell equipped with aluminum or iron plate electrodes in a batch mode by electrocoagulation (EC). Effects of the process variables such as pH, current density, electrode material and operating time were explored with respect to phosphate and zinc removal efficiencies, electrical energy and electrode consumptions. The optimum operating conditions for removal of phosphate and zinc were current density of 60.0 A/m², pH 5.0 and operating time of 25.0 min with Al electrode and current density of 60.0 A/m², pH 3.0 and operating time of 15.0 min with Fe electrode, respectively. The highest phosphate and zinc removal efficiencies at optimum conditions were 97.7% and 97.8% for Fe electrode, and 99.8% and 96.7% for Al electrode. The electrode consumptions increased from 0.01 to 0.35 kg electrode/m³ for Al electrode and from 0.20 to 0.62 kg electrode/m³ for Fe electrode with increasing current density from 10.0 to 100.0 A/m². The energy consumptions were 0.18–11.29 kWh/m³ for Al electrode and 0.24–8.47 kWh/m³ for Fe electrode in the same current density range. Removal efficiencies of phosphate and zinc were found to decrease when flow rate was increased from 50 to 400 mL/min in continuous mode of operation. The morphology and elements present in the sludge was also characterized by using SEM and EDX.     

Oil,micronutrient and heavy metal contents of tomatoes

In this study, oils, micronutrients and heavy metal contents of tomato seeds and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits from different Turkish resources were determined. The tomato seed oil contains more than 84% unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The fatty acid composition of tomato seed oil was similar to that of soybean oil. Under supercritical conditions, partial thermal degradation occurs on the double bonds of unsaturated aliphatic carbons chains in fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the major unsaturated fatty acid in tomato seed oil. The concentrations of metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca and Mg) were determined in tomato samples.     

Natural frequency analysis of lattice boom crane theoretically and experimentally

International Journal of Steel Structures - Having knowledge of dynamic properties named as natural frequency and mode shapes during the design process is important to determine proper design...