Theoretical characterization of flux reversal machine in low-speed servo drives-the pole-PM configuration

This paper introduces and analyzes a flux reversal machine (FRM) configuration for low-speed (below 150 r/min) servo drives. The FRM configuration includes stator poles with three-phase concentrated coils and 2n/sub p/ alternate polarity permanent magnets per stator pole and a salient multiple-pole passive rotor. In-depth finite-element method analysis shows high torque density and less than 3% torque pulsation (through adequate rotor skewing) with sinusoidal three-phase vector control.     

Forces in pulley-type electromagnetic separators

A general formula for the electromagnetic force density in a region conformally transformable for any two pole configuration is derived. This result is applied to determine the traction forces in pulley-type electromagnetic separators (PEMS's) having ferromagnetic collars. The results are presented in normalized forms, from which the optimum height of the collar is obtained for the maximum electromagnetic traction force (which is a measure of the effectiveness of the separator).     

Pollen morphology of subfamily Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae) and its taxonomic significance

The Pollen morphology of subfamily Caryophylloideae (Caryophyllaceae) from different phytogeographical region of Pakistan has been evaluated. In this research, 16 species belong to 6 genera of subfamily Caryophylloideae have been studied using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for both qualitative and quantitative characters. Different palyno‐morphological features were observed including; pollen ornamentation, pore ornamentation, echini arrangement, echinidensity, number of pori, size of polar and equatorial diameter, P/E ratio, exine thickness, and size of pore were studied. The palyno‐morphological characters of subfamily Caryophylloideae have taxonomically significant in identification and delimitation of species. Two pollen types, i.e., subspheroidal (15 species) and prolate (one species Vaccaria hispanica) were observed. Microechinate‐punctate and microechinate‐perforate pollen ornamentation were examined. Two pollen types of pori, i.e., prominent (5 species) and sunken (11 species) ornamentation have been reported. Three types of echini arrangement have been reported irregular, regular and rather regular, while three type of echinidensity (i.e., medium, dense and sparse) were observed. Pori numbers were found different in different species range from 5 in Silene apetala to 19‐35 in Silene vulgaris. Based on different palyno‐morphological characters, taxonomic key was develop for quick and accurate identification. The quantitative data were processed using SPSS software for average, minimum, maximum, and standard error.     

Impressions of psychotherapists' offices.

For counseling settings, research suggests that softness, personalization, and order might affect the experience and the perceived expertness, trustworthiness, and social attractiveness of the therapist. This article discusses exploratory studies on college students' perception of the counseling office environment and whether the likely client experience was associated with the softness/personalization and order of the office. As stimuli, the studies used 30 color photographs of psychotherapists' offices viewed from the client's perspective. After obtaining ratings of the characteristics of each office, we obtained ratings from different groups of students of the quality of care and comfort expected in each office (Study 1) and how qualified, bold, and friendly the therapist in the office would be (Study 2). Additional studies examined the likelihood of choosing a therapist based on the office, and the first thought or feeling that came to mind about the office, the therapist, and the patient experience. There were strong correlations in response between groups (by whether they had experienced therapy; their level in school; their gender; and their major, location, and school size). The quality of care, comfort, therapist boldness, qualifications of the therapist, and the likelihood that one would choose a therapist based on the office improved with increases in the office's softness/personalization and order. Friendliness improved with increases in softness/personalization. The office choices, open-ended responses, and reported reasons for the ratings confirmed the importance of softness (comfort) and order. Research should test longer term exposure and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis and properties of imidazole-blocked diisocyanates

Imidazole-, 2-methylimidazole- and benzimidazole-blocked hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and NMR spectroscopy. The structure–property relationship of these adducts has been established by reacting with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The cure rate of the adduct increases from the imidazole to 2-methylimidazole and to the benzimidazole-blocked adduct. Also, the cure rate of the adducts based on hexamethylene diisocyanate is higher than those based on isophorone diisocyanate. Simultaneous TGA/DTA results also confirm this trend. The gas chromatogram of the imidazole-blocked isocyanate confirms that the thermolysis products are blocking agent and isocyanate. The solubilities of the adducts have been measured in polyether and hydrocarbon polyols: the 2-methylimidazole and benzimidazole-blocked hexamethylene diisocyanate adducts show higher solubility than the rest. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

On the thermodynamic behavior of cadmium in Te-saturated HgTe-CdTe and CdSe-CdTe solid alloys

The activity of cadmium in Te-saturated HgTe-CdTe and CdSe-CdTe alloys in the temperature range of 720 to 840 K was measured by an electrochemical technique using LiCl-KCl + 5 wt pct CdCl₂ as the molten salt electrolyte. From the electromotive force (emf), values measured at different temperaturesi the partial and excess molar thermodynamic quantities,viz., Δ G _Cd ^M ,Δ G _Cd ^XS ,Δ H _Cd ^M ,Δ S _Cd ^M andΔ S _XS ^Cd , have been calculated. From the activity data, the equilibrium vapor pressure of cadmium over the alloys have been estimated. The thermodynamic data obtained in the present investigation are consistent with the view that the HgTe-CdTe system consists of a single-phase field throughout the entire range of composition and with the structural changes in the CdSe-CdTe system. The results have been discussed in the light of Darken’s stability and excess stability parameters of the systems and physical properties,viz., energy gap and magnetic susceptibility.     

Waste Liquors from Cellulosic Industries. V. Cresol-Lignin Liquor as a Component in Polyphenol Formaldehyde Resins

Cresol–lignin liquors produced as waste from bagasse pulping, at different temperatures (160°–190°C) for 1.5 h and at 170°C for different times (0.75–3 h) were tested to evaluate their reactivity in both alkaline and acidic media toward preparation of cresol–lignin formaldehyde resins. The effects of different polymerization parameters—e.g., time, temperature, ratio of polyphenols to formaldehyde, and reaction medium (acidic or alkaline)—on the yield and properties of produced resins were detected. The yields of the resins produced in alkaline medium are higher than those produced in acidic medium.     

Performance of novel hyperbranched poly(aryl‐ether‐urea)s doped with N3‐dye in nanocrystalline DSSC

An amine‐terminated hyperbranched poly(aryl‐ether‐urea) (HBPEU) was prepared from an AB₂‐type blocked isocyanate monomer and then its end groups were modified into urea (M‐HBPEU) by reaction with phenyl isocyanate. Both of the polymers were doped with N3‐dye along with KI/I₂ to work as efficient polymer electrolytes in nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cell. The increment in the conductivity of doped HBPEU and doped M‐HBPEU was very significant and reached its value at 8.2 × 10⁻³ and 4.1 × 10⁻² S/cm, respectively. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of these two doped polymers measured under simulated sunlight with AM 1.5 at 60 mW/cm² generate photocurrent of 2.5 and 3.6 mA/cm², together with a photo voltage of 690 and 750 mV, and fill factor of 0.55 and 0.61 yielding a overall energy conversion efficiency of 2.4% and 4.1%, respectively. These results suggest that M‐HBPEU show better cell performance and conductance properties than the HBPEU. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40408.     

Effects of Biochar and Nitrogen Application on Rice Biomass Saccharification,Bioethanol Yield and Cell Wall Polymers Features

Rice is a major food crop that produces abundant biomass wastes for biofuels. To improve rice biomass and yield, nitrogen (N) fertilizer is excessively used, which is not eco-friendly. Alternatively, biochar (B) application is favored to improve rice biomass and yield under low chemical fertilizers. To minimize the reliance on N fertilizer, we applied four B levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 t B ha⁻¹) combined with two N rates (low-135 and high-180 kg ha⁻¹) to improve biomass yield. Results showed that compared to control, the combined B at 20–30 t ha⁻¹ with low N application significantly improved plant dry matter and arabinose (Ara%), while decreasing cellulose crystallinity (Crl), degree of polymerization (DP), and the ratio of xylose/arabinose (Xyl/Ara), resulting in high hexoses (% cellulose) and bioethanol yield (% dry matter). We concluded that B coupled with N can alter cell wall polymer features in paddy rice resulting in high biomass saccharification and bioethanol production.