Oxidation-Rate Excursions During the Oxidation of Copper in Gaseous Environments at Moderate Temperatures

The kinetics of oxidation of copper powders in oxygen and in dry and humid air was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The extent of oxidation grew linearly with time until the weight-based thickness of the oxide film reached 0.13–1.22 nm, depending on the temperature. Between 30 and 90°C there was little difference between the kinetic curves observed in air and in oxygen, respectively. Higher humidity of the air resulted in an increased oxidation rate. Following the initial linear segment, the oxidation kinetics could be best described in terms of a logarithmic rate law between 30 and 45°C and in terms of a power law between 60 and 90°C. The activation energy for the initial linear stage was (44±2) kJ and for the subsequent oxidation (102±12) kJ. Delayed increases in oxidation rate were observed with a ca. 0.1-m powder around 100°C, with a ca. 1-m powder around 320°C, and with a < 10m powder around 360°C. A three-stage model consisting of an initial linear stage, parabolic growth culminating in cracking of the oxide film, and subsequent re-start of the parabolic growth, gave good agreement with the experimental data. Whenever the powder is relatively uniform and the distribution of film-cracking times among the powder grains is narrow, e.g., within 23% of the median cracking time, an increase in the oxidation rate of the entire sample can be observed.     

热化学反应法镁合金陶瓷涂层的制备及性能的影响

采用热化学反应法在镁合金基体上制备陶瓷涂层,并对涂层进行耐磨、耐蚀等性能分析.通过XRD物相分析,涂层中有新相生成.且涂层相对基体耐磨、耐蚀性能均有所提高.     

Electrochemical properties of Mg-based alloys containing carbon nanotubes

In this work, effects of partial substitution of Mg, Ni with AB₂ in Mg-based alloy and subsequent surface modification by further ball-milling with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on electrochemical properties were investigated. Mg_1.9(AB₂)_0.1Ni_0.8 (AB₂=LaNi₂, LaNiCo and LaNiMn) alloys were prepared by solid-state diffusion method, the nanocrystalline Mg-based alloys were prepared by ball-milling the mixture of obtained Mg_1.9(AB₂)_0.1Ni_0.8 alloys and nickel powder. It was found that the electrochemical capacities of nanocrystalline Mg_1.9(AB₂)_0.1Ni_1.8 alloys were measured to be 460–490 mAh/g. The nanocrystalline Mg-based alloys containing carbon nanotubes (10 wt.%) obtained by ball-milling after 60 min were demonstrated to show improved electrochemical properties with respect to the original nanocrystalline Mg-based alloys. The electrochemical reaction activity was detected by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) proved the interaction between Mg_1.9(AB₂)_0.1Ni_1.8 alloys and carbon nanotubes after ball-milling, which resulted in an increase in the surface Ni/Mg ratio.     

填料粒子成型对泡沫铝合金孔结构的影响

在实验的基础上 ,绘制出填料粒子成型时的体积与泡沫铝合金的孔隙率相对应的变化曲线 ,并应用力学的基本原理对泡沫铝合金孔结构的成形机理进行了研究。确定填料粒子成型时的体积变化应在 0 %～ 12 %之间 (此时泡沫铝合金的孔隙率应在 41.6 %～ 47.6 %之间 ) ,才能稳定填料粒子尺寸 ,从而更好地控制泡沫铝合金的孔径尺寸 ,提高成型质量 ,稳定泡沫铝合金的使用性能。     

Preparation, thermal stability, and magnetic properties of Fe---Co---Zr---Mo---W---B bulk metallic glass

A bulk metallic glass (BMG) cylinder of Fe₆₀Co₈Zr₁₀Mo₅W₂B₁₅ with a diameter of 1.5 mm was prepared by copper mould casting of industrial raw materials. The amorphous state and the crystallization behavior were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal stability parameters, such as glass transition temperature (T_g), crystallization temperature (T_x), supercooled liquid region (ΔT_x) between T_g and T_x, and reduced glass transition temperature T_rg (T_g/T_m) were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to be 891, 950, 59 K, and 0.62, respectively. The crystallization process took place through a single stage, and involved crystallization of the phases -Fe, ZrFe₂, Fe₃B, MoB₂, Mo₂FeB₂, and an unknown phase, as determined by X-ray analysis of the sample annealed for 1.5 ks at 1023 K, 50 K above the DSC peak temperature of crystallization. Mössbauer spectroscopy was studied for this alloy. The spectra exhibit a broadened and asymmetric doublet-like structure that indicated paramagnetic behavior and a fully amorphous structure. -Fe was found in the amorphous matrix for a cylinder with a diameter of 2.5 mm. The success of synthesis of the Fe-based bulk metallic glass from industrial materials is important for the future progress in research and practical application of new bulk metallic glasses.     

电铸金刚石-镍复合膜微观应力分析

用电铸方法，采用低应力电镀液，研制出了金刚石-金属复合膜。该复合膜的厚度为20-45μm，可用于制作超薄切割刀具。介绍了用X射线衍射法（xRD）测量多晶体微观应力的基本原理和用X射线衍射法测量镍多晶体显微应变的程序。用单波法计算了电铸金刚石-镍复合膜的显微应变，并用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了该复合膜的表面形貌。结果发现：阴极电流密度严重影响复合膜的显微应变，在实验所用电流密度范围内（0．6-3．5A／dm^2），随着电流密度的增加，显微应变减小。     

Thermal analysis of laser surface transformation hardening—optimization of process parameters

This paper deals with the optimization of process parameters for maximum productivity (given by the product of scanning velocity and cross feed) in laser transformation hardening. The process parameters considered are laser beam power, P; laser beam diameter, D_b; and the heat intensity distribution, namely, normal, bimodal, or uniform. A thermal analysis of the laser surface transformation hardening of gears was conducted (based on Jaeger’s classical moving heat source method) by considering the laser beam as a moving plane (disc) heat source to establish the temperature rise distribution in the workpiece (gear) of finite width. In a recent investigation [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 2845], the authors considered the case of a heat source with a pseudo-Gaussian (or normal) distribution of heat intensity. The analytical results were compared with the experimental results published in the literature. In laser heat treatment of steel, it is generally considered preferable to use a wider heat intensity distribution, such as uniform or bimodal, for it enables more uniform case hardening depth. In this paper, this model is extended to cover bimodal and uniform distributions and compared with the normal distribution. Scanning velocities for no surface melting and for a case hardening depth of 0.1 mm were determined for surface transformation hardening of AISI 1036 (EN 8) steel for a range of laser beam powers, P, laser beam diameters, D_b, and various heat intensity distributions. Since diffusion during the heat treatment (surface transformation hardening) process is a time dependent phenomenon, based on the literature review, an interaction time of 15 ms was taken as a basis. It is hoped that laser industry with adequate facilities available can validate the thermal analysis and subsequent optimization presented in this paper.     

Pb-Free solders: Part 1. Wettability testing of Sn−Ag−Cu alloys with Bi additions

Maximum bubble pressure, dilatometric, and meniscographic methods were used in the investigations of the surface tension, density, wetting time, wetting force, contact angle, and interfacial tension of liquid alloys of Sn−Ag−Cu eutectic composition with various additions of Bi. Density and surface tension measurements were conducted in the temperature range 250–900 °C. Surface tensions at 250 °C measured under a protective atmosphere of Ar−H₂ were combined with data from meniscographic studies done under air or with a protective flux. The meniscographic data with a nonwetted teflon substrate provided data on interfacial tension (solder-flux), surface tension in air, and meniscographic data with a Cu substrate allowed determinations of wetting time, wetting force, and calculation of contact angle. The calculated wetting angles from meniscographic studies for binary Sn−Ag eutectic and two ternary Sn−Ag−Cu alloys were verified by separate measurements by the sessile drop method under a protective atmosphere with a Cu substrate. Additions of Bi to both ternary alloys improve the wettability and move the parameters somewhat closer to those of traditional Sn−Pb solders.     

Pb-Free solders: Part II. Application of ADAMIS database in modeling of Sn−Ag−Cu alloys with Bi additions

The ADAMIS database was used for calculation of the surface tension of the quaternary Sn−Ag−Cu−Bi liquid alloys by Butler's model. The resultant data were compared with those from the maximum bubble pressure measurements from Part I. The same thermodynamic database was next applied for the calculation of various phase equilibria. It was established that the Bi addition to the ternary Sn−Ag−Cu alloys (Sn-2.6Ag-0.46Cu and Sn-3.13Ag-0.74Cu in at.%; Sn-2.56Ag-0.26 Cu and Sn-2.86Ag-O.40Cu in mass%) causes lowering of the melting temperature and the surface tension to make the tested alloys closer to, traditional Sn−Pb solders. The simulation of the solidification by Scheil's model showed that the alloys with the higher Bi concentration are characterized by the lifting-off failure due to the segregation of Bi at the solder/substrate boundary. Thus, in modeling of new Pb-free solders, a compromise among various properties should be taken into consideration.