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31.
32.
Jude Akamu Ewunkem ;Louis Ernest Ndiva Jackai ;Henry Osofuhene-Sintim ;Beatrice Nuck Dingha 《农业科学与技术》2014,(7):585-596
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L. Karst) are attacked by a wide range of insect pests worldwide. In many cases, pesticides are used to control the pests. In 2010 and 2011, we conducted field experiments to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a biorational (Agroneem~) and conventional pesticide (imidacloprid or thiamethoxam) on insect pests of these crops. In the first year, two varieties of cowpea (Mississippi Silver and Pinkeye Purple Hull) and two of tomato (Mariana and German Johnson) were used; in the second year, the better performing of each group (Mississippi Silver and Mariana) were used for the study. A split-plot design with four replications in Year 1, and a randomized complete block design with six treatment combinations in Year 2. In the first year, both pesticide groups were applied following manufacturer's recommendation (10-14 d cycles); and in the second year, the application of the pesticides was driven by economic thresholds level (ETL) of insect pests. The most prevalent species of insects recorded in both crops were in the families: Chrysomelidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Vespidae, Sarcophagidae, Thripidae and Sphingidae. In both years, the diversity of insects on cowpea was greater than on tomato and more insects were observed in the second year compared to the first, despite the absence of significant difference (P 〉 0.05) between varieties in the treated plots. The yield of cowpea and tomato was comparable in all sprayed plots. 相似文献
33.
Bryan C. Pijanowski Louis R. Iverson C. Ashton Drew Henry N. N. Bulley Jeanine M. Rhemtulla Michael C. Wimberly Annett Bartsch Jian Peng 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(1):5-16
We argue for the landscape ecology community to adopt the study of poverty and the ecology of landscapes as a Grand Challenge
Topic. We present five areas of possible research foci that we believe that landscape ecologists can join with other social
and environmental scientists to increase scientific understanding of this pressing issue: (1) scale and poverty; (2) landscape
structure and human well-being; (3) social and ecological processes linked to spatial patterns in landscapes; (4) conservation
and poverty, and (5) applying the landscape ecologist’s toolkit. A brief set of recommendations for landscape ecologists is
also presented. These include the need to utilize broad frameworks that integrate social and ecological variables, build capacity
to do this kind of work through the development of strong collaborations of researchers in developed and developing countries,
create databases in international locations where extreme poverty exists, and create a new generation of researchers capable
of addressing this pressing social and environmental issue. 相似文献
34.
As the various components of the cadmium (Cd) root sink have not been clearly described, there is a need to precisely measure the respective contributions of apoplast and symplast to short‐term root Cd uptake and to explain the linear component of the absorption isotherms. A new method of fractionating Cd in roots was applied to two plant species with contrasting abilities to accumulate Cd: maize (Zea mays) and a Cd‐hyperaccumulating ecotype of alpine pennycress (Noccaea caerulescens). Their roots were exposed for 1 h to increasing concentrations of labeled Cd. Series of desorption baths were used to obtain the root apoplastic Cd in combination with a brief freezing step in liquid nitrogen to separate the intracellular metal from the apoplastic one. The apoplastic uptake accounted for 15% to 82% and for 48% to 96% of the total Cd uptake of maize and of alpine pennycress roots, respectively. In the case of maize, the concentration‐dependent symplastic net flux fitted a biphasic Michaelis‐Menten function, while in the case of alpine pennycress, a Michaelis‐Menten‐plus‐linear function proved a better fit. The second component of the symplastic net flux may reflect absorption through a low‐affinity transport system. Short‐term Cd uptake by roots is dominated by the high‐affinity transport system for exposure concentrations below 1 μM for maize and 0.2 μM for alpine pennycress, while cell‐wall binding prevailed for higher exposure concentrations. 相似文献
35.
Frans E. Pick Pieter R. De Beer Susan M. Prinsloo Louis P. Van Dyk 《Pest management science》1987,21(1):45-49
High-pressure liquid chromatography with an ion-exchange column combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to analyse commercial formulations of sodium hydrogen methylarsonate (MSMA). No arsenite or arsenate salts or dimethylarsinic acid were detected as contaminants in the formulations, and the MSMA concentrations were found to be in accordance with the concentrations given on the containers. 相似文献
36.
37.
Two procedures are described for the determination of residues of triadimenol and compared on cereal material. After extraction, purification is carried out by Florisil column chromatography in method I and by semi-preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in method II. Triadimenol residues are quantified by gas chromatography with a thermoionic detector. With method I, interference was observed but not with method II. This specific procedure has been tested on other plant materials. Recoveries in the range of 90–98% indicate that this procedure is suitable for residue analysis of this fungicide with detection limits of 0·008 mg kg?1 in wheat grains, 0·03 mg kg?1 in wheat straw and 0·004–0·008 mg kg?1 in other plants. Maximum residue limits in France are: 0·1 mg kg?1 in grain, 2·0 mg kg?1 in straw and 1·0 mg kg?1 in other vegetables and fruit. 相似文献
38.
Kouassi N’Guessan Louis Berenger Yao Koffi Marcellin Sangare Naminata Trokourey Albert Metongo Bernard Soro 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(2):929-944
Journal of Soils and Sediments - Trace metals accumulate in the food web and can pose high risks to human health and aquatic biota. We investigated seasonal and spatial variations of Cu, Zn, Pb,... 相似文献
39.
Michael R. Metcalf DVM MS Louis C. Sellett MS James E. Smallwood DVM MS Donald E. Thrall DVM PhD Ben D. Harrington DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1989,30(3):111-118
Both foredigits and metacarpophalangeal joints of six Quarter Horse foals were scanned serially to six months of age using 99 Tc-methylene diphosphonate. Dorsal scans were made on day 1 and at two, four, six, ten, 14, 18, 22 and 26 weeks of age. Scans were assessed visually for distal third metacarpal, proximal phalangeal, and middle phalangeal physeal appearance and closure. Scans were also evaluated by computer region-of-interest (ROI) and line-profile analysis to characterize the physes quantitatively. Physeal region radioactivity relative to a disphyseal reference region was greatest at four weeks for all physes. Scintigraphic physeal closure of all physes occurred at approximately six months of age with a range of four and one half to greater than six months. The study was conducted to allow better assessment of diffuse and focal physeal disease by determining developmental times at which normal physeal region radioactivity has decreased enough to not obscure abnormal radioactivity and by quantifying scintigraphic physeal appearance which enables computer analysis to detect visually indeterminate physeal abnormalities. 相似文献
40.
Minh Van Nguyen Marit Espe Louis E. C. Conceio Hoang Minh Le Manuel Yúfera Sofia A. D. Engrola Ann‐Elise Olderbakk Jordal Ivar Rnnestad 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2019,25(2):495-507
This study determined impacts of dietary methionine concentrations at two temperatures on growth, feeding efficiency and N‐metabolites in juvenile cobia. Methionine concentrations of the experimental diets were deficient (M9; 9 g/kg), sufficient (M12; 12 g/kg) and surplus (M16, 16 g/kg). Water temperature was normal (30°C) or elevated (34°C). Twenty cobia in triplicate tanks were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Both methionine and temperature affected cobia's growth and feeding efficiency. Cobia fed M9 performed lower than the fish fed M12 and M16 diets. Additionally, cobia reared at 34°C performed poorer than at 30°C, probably due to lower voluntary feed intake in the fish reared at 34°C. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value in cobia fed M9 diet were less than M12 or M16 diets. This was confirmed with the improved retentions of indispensable amino acids (AAs). No interactions between methionine and temperature were observed in growth and protein accretion. At 30°C, CF improved, while HSI and VSI declined upon methionine supplementation levels. Of which an interaction between temperature and methionine was present. Plasma, muscle and liver free AA and N‐metabolites were affected by methionine and temperature. Furthermore, temperature affected cobia's lipid class composition, resulting in increased phospholipids and cholesterol at 34°C. 相似文献