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The obesity epidemic cannot be reversed without substantial improvements in the food marketing environment that surrounds children. Food marketing targeted to children almost exclusively promotes calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods and takes advantage of children's vulnerability to persuasive messages. Increasing scientific evidence reveals potentially profound effects of food marketing on children's lifelong eating behaviors and health. Much of this marketing occurs in nationwide media (eg, television, the Internet), but companies also directly target children in their own communities through the use of billboards and through local environments such as stores, restaurants, and schools. Given the harmful effect of this marketing environment on children's health and the industry's reluctance to make necessary changes to its food marketing practices, government at all levels has an obligation to act. This article focuses on policy options for municipalities that are seeking ways to limit harmful food marketing at the community level. 相似文献
996.
A comparative study of fatty acid composition and CLA concentration in commercial cheeses 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Aldo Prandini Samantha SigoloGianfranco Piva 《Journal of food composition and analysis》2011,24(1):55-61
A total of 52 Italian and French commercial cheeses were analysed for fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration. The cheeses were first grouped according to the ruminant species of the milk used in manufacturing, then according to the following criteria: (1) cheeses obtained from milk of the same ruminant species but using different production technologies; (2) cheeses produced from milk of different ruminant species but through similar cheesemaking processes. Comparative studies of fatty acid composition and CLA levels in the different cheese classes were carried out. In our study, the arrangement of the ruminant species according to the increasing CLA concentration in cheese was: goat = cow < sheep. Sheep cheeses had the highest levels of CLA (9.86 mg/g fat), α-linolenic acid (0.75%) and trans-vaccenic acid (1.63%), and the lowest contents of linoleic acid (1.80%) and oleic acid (16.83%). The comparison of cheeses obtained from milk of the same ruminant species but through different production technologies reported statistically significant differences in the fatty acid profiles that could be due to a different degree of lipolysis in the cheeses compared. Nevertheless, statistically significant differences in CLA concentration were not found; this suggests that the factors involved in the cheesemaking process generally do not affect the CLA content in milk fat. 相似文献
997.
State of the art is a legal concept that describes what was known as knowable by experts including manufacturer's state of knowledge about the potential hazards of their product(s) at a point in time. In 2004, Paustenbach et al. published a state-of-the-art review that describes the development of knowledge about asbestos hazards to brake mechanics performing asbestos brake installation and maintenance. Paustenbach et al.'s review, however, omits important pieces of corporate knowledge, dismisses several historical scientific conclusions and ignores the way experts have applied the results of scientific research to protect workers and consumers handling asbestos brakes. By taking their state-of-the-art review out of the legal liability context, Paustenbach et al. create a misleading version of events that fails to properly address the question of what asbestos brake manufacturers knew or should have known about the potential hazards of their brakes to mechanics over time. Without proper presentation of this information, judges and juries cannot adequately assess whether these companies had a duty to warn or take other action to prevent injury to those exposed to their asbestos brakes. 相似文献
998.
Lewis S Thomas SL Blood RW Castle DJ Hyde J Komesaroff PA 《Social science & medicine (1982)》2011,73(9):1349-1356
Obesity stigma exists within many institutions and cultural settings. Most studies suggest that stigmatising experiences have a negative impact on individuals' health and social behaviours and outcomes. However, some studies indicate that obesity stigma can motivate individuals to lose weight. Limited research has examined weight-based stigma from the perspective of obese individuals, including their perceptions of, and responses to, the different types of weight-based stigma they face in their daily lives. This study advances knowledge about weight-based stigma by documenting how obese adults (mostly female) described the different types of obesity stigma that they faced, how they responded to this stigma, and how different types of stigma impact on health and social wellbeing. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted between April 2008 and March 2009 with a diverse sample of 141 obese Australian adults. Guided by Link and Phelan's (2006) categorisation of different types of discrimination, participants' experiences could be grouped into three distinct types of stigma: 1) Direct (e.g. being abused when using public transport); 2) Environmental (e.g. not being able to fit into seats on planes); and 3) Indirect (e.g. people staring at the contents of their supermarket trolley). Participants described that more subtle forms of stigma had the most impact on their health and social wellbeing. However, it was the interaction between direct, environmental and indirect stigma that created a barrier to participation in health-promoting activities. Participants rarely challenged stigma and often blamed themselves for stigmatising experiences. They also avoided situations where they perceived they would be stigmatised and constantly thought about how they could find a solution to their obesity. 相似文献
999.
David A. McNamee Michael Corbacio Julie K. Weller Samantha Brown Robert Z. Stodilka Frank S. Prato Yves Bureau Alex W. Thomas Alexandre G. Legros 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2011,84(3):267-277
Purpose
Recent research by the authors on the effects of extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field (MF) exposure on human heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and skin blood perfusion found no cardiovascular effects of exposure to an 1,800-??T, 60-Hz MF. Research from our group using rats, however, has suggested a microcirculatory response to a 200-??T, 60-Hz MF exposure. The present pilot study investigated the effects of 1?h of exposure to a 200-??T, 60-Hz MF on the human circulation. Microcirculation (as skin blood perfusion) and HR were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. Mean arterial pressure was monitored with a non-invasive blood pressure system.Methods
Ten volunteers were recruited to partake in a counterbalanced, single-blinded study consisting of two testing sessions (real and sham exposure) administered on separate days. Each session included four consecutive measurement periods separated by rest, allowing assessment of cumulative and residual MF effects.Results
A within-subjects analysis of variance did not reveal session by time period interactions for any of the parameters which would have been suggestive of a MF effect (p?>?0.05). Perfusion, HR, and skin surface temperature decreased over the course of the experiment (p?<?0.05).Conclusions
The MF used in this experiment did not affect perfusion, HR, or mean arterial pressure. Decreasing perfusion and HR trends over time were similar to our previous results and appear to be associated with a combination of inactivity (resulting in decreasing body temperatures) and reduced physiological arousal. 相似文献1000.
Bahr DE Aldrich TE Seidu D Brion GM Tollerud DJ;Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Project Team Muldoon S Reinhart N Youseefagha A McKinney P Hughes T Chan C Rice C Brewer DE Freyberg RW Mohlenkamp AM Hahn K Hornung R Ho M Dastidar A Freitas S Saman D Ravdal H Scutchfield D;Contractors Eger KJ Minor S 《International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health》2011,24(1):67-77